Treatment outcome data and demographic information were collected for 140 families which participated in oppositional child treatment based upon differential reinforcement procedures. The dependent measure of generalized child behavior change in the home setting was examined with reference to variations in the following demographic items: age of child, sex of child, race of child, birth order, number of siblings, age of mother, income level of family, educational level of mother, percentage attendance during treatment, and family intactness. Three variables-age of child, percentage attendance during treatment, and family intact-ness-were found to be significantly related to the demonstration of appropriate levels of cooperative behavior in the home.

GENERAL DESIGN AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCHALTHOUGH the primary purpose of the senes of researches (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 8) of which this contribution is a part has been to determine personality structure as such, yet the time is approaching when the outlines of structure will be sufficiently established to justify concentration on the way in which the general structure produces certain specific traits of outstanding practical importance. This amounts to determining the factonal specification equation for a specific area of behavior with greater accuracy than usual, by taking several examples of behavior m the one area, while determining the factors themselves through direct factor measurements A realm of behavior the important of which can hardly he exaggerated is that which we call altruistic behavior Accordingly, this has been chosen as the first area m which to exemjdify the type of investigation aimed at determining what personality factors mteract m producing behavior of a particular social utility and valueThe choice of altruism arose partly through Sorokin's sociological analyses (11, 13) and the salient importance he assigns to this personahty trait in making those cultural advances which are something more than the triumphs of a particular cult The junior author was enabled to undertake this study by a small grant from the Research Center in Altruistic Int^^ation and Creativity at Harvard University and wishes to express her gratitude thereto for the assistance m computation thereby achieved. The extensive behavioral analysis of the "natural history" of altruism in religions and other settings by Sorokin and his co-workers (12,13) leave no doubt as to the definition of the actual manifestations of behavior with which our study must deal, but the choice of personality factors likely to be operative in these manifestations begins at the level of a "hunch."