ART can elicit a protective effect on beta-cells exposed to IL-1β by stimulating SIRT1 expression, which resulted in the decrease of NF-κB activity, iNOS expression, and NO production. Hence, ART might be an effective drug for diabetes.

Plasma FGF23 levels were higher in CKD patients than in controls, much higher in patients with severe SHPT. FGF23 was independently associated with decreased HRV in stage 5 CKD. Successful PTX may reverse these abnormal indicators and contribute to decreases in the risk of cardiovascular disease.

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Abundant stroma of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) produces various microenvironmental < niche> factors. PDAC organoids have different dependencies on niche factors; while there are PDAC subtypes independent of niche factors as represented by conventional pancreatic cancer cell lines, there are also PDAC subtypes that strongly depend on niche factors. We performed the PDAC subtype classification based on niche dependency and their morphological phenotypes and investigated the correlation between niche dependency and drug treatment response. Methods: PDAC organoids were validated the morphology compared with the primary tissue. The proliferation assay was performed in medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum (serum medium) or with niche factors (niche medium), respectively. Niche dependent organoids and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) were cocultured in serum medium to evaluate their organogenesis. Gemcitabine was administered to niche dependent/independent organoids, and the drug sensitivity was compared. Results: All eight PDAC organoids retained the morphological features in the primary tumors and were classified into poorly, moderately, and well differentiated subtypes. While all the poorly differentiated subtypes showed significantly higher proliferation in serum medium, all the well differentiated subtypes showed significantly higher proliferation in niche medium. When directly cocultured with PSCs, niche dependent organoid strongly formed the organoid structure in serum medium. The viability assay using Gemcitabine showed niche dependent organoids had more resistance to Gemcitabine than the independent organoids. Conclusion:The niche dependency was correlated with the tumor differentiation. Niche dependent PDAC organoids had more resistance to chemotherapy than the independent organoids.