Details are given of procedures for effecting paper ionophoresis of polyhydroxy compounds in the electrolytes borax, sodium arsenite, basic lead acetate, and sodium hydroxide. and for detecting the compounds after ionophoresis. Rates of migration are reported for 96 compounds, including all pentose and hexose sugars, the common disaccharides, all sugar alcohols up to the heptitols, the cyclitols, a number of glycols, and several glycosides and other derivatives of carbohydrates. Some new or improved reagents have been developed for locating carbohydrates on paper strips under various conditions. Sodium arsenite and basic lead acetate are the most effective electrolytes for separating reducing sugars, basic lead acetate is the best for separating sugar alcohols, and borax is the best for simple glycols. Some success has been achieved in correlating the configurations of stereoisomers with their mobilities in paper ionophoresis.

Complex formation of alditols with metal ions in aqueous solution has been investigated by electrophoresis and by the study of the n.m.r. spectra in the presence of europium ions. Complexing occurs at three consecutive oxygen atoms which are in a gauche-gauche arrangement; the energy required to form this arrangement (by rotation around carbon-carbon bonds) determines the extent of complex formation. It appears that the alditols in aqueous solution are essentially in the same conformations as are their acetates in chloroform solution.

We reviewed 12 patients with congenital hallux varus who had had operations on 20 feet to enable them to wear normal shoes and to improve the appearance. After an average follow-up of 12.7 years the results of soft tissue procedures were satisfactory in 12 of 17 feet. Arthrodesis of the first metatarsophalangeal joint, performed primarily in one foot and secondarily in two others was also satisfactory, but metatarsal osteotomy in two feet gave unsatisfactory results leading to local amputation. The unsatisfactory results were generally due to the appearance of shortness of the first metatarsal and rarely because of symptoms or recurrent deformity.

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Paper electrophoresis in an electrolyte containing calcium ions is a method suitable for the separation and characterization of many polyhydroxy compounds. The method is based on the formation ofcomplexes between the cation and at least two hydroxyl groups of the compounds. Electrophoretic mobilities are listed for many sugars, methyl glycosides and cyclitols. The mobilities convey someinformation on the structure of the compounds. The correlation of electrophoretic mobilities with the configuration and conformation of the compounds is discussed.