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Earlier characterization of some hydrolysis products of AlCl 3 ·6H 2 O was confirmed by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with increasing collision energy of projectile ions. At lower collision energies, the aqua ligands were stripped off. At higher energies, two hydroxo groups formed a bridging oxo group with loss of one water molecule. Aluminum complexes could also capture aqua ligands in the collision chamber so long as the parent ion did not fragment, and the fragment ion spectra broadened toward higher m/z values. The chloro ligands were eliminated as hydrochloric acid. The aluminum cores remained highly intact.

During the last two decades, and particularly during the last few years, the environmental sector has shown a largely growing interest in the treatment of different types of water and wastewater by electrocoagulation (EC). The aim of this work was to review studies, conducted mainly during 2008-2011, on the wide and versatile range of feasible EC applications employed in the purification of different types of water and wastewater. The EC applications discussed here were divided into 7 following categories: tannery, textile and colored wastewater; pulp and paper industry wastewater; oily wastewater; food industry wastewater; other types of industrial wastewater; surface water as well as model water and wastewater containing heavy metals, nutrients, cyanide and other elements and ions. In addition, this paper presents an overview of the optimum process conditions (treatment times, current densities, and initial pH) and removal efficiencies (mostly high) achieved for the EC applications discussed. In the vast majority of the studies discussed in this review, the aforementioned values were found to be in the range of 5-60 min (typically less than 30 min), 10-150 A/m² and near neutral pH, respectively. Both operating costs and electrical energy consumption values were found to vary greatly depending on the type of solution being treated, being between 0.004 -6.74 €/m³ and 0.002-58.0 kWh/m³, but in general they were rather low (typically around 0.1-1.0 €/m³ and 0.4-4.0 kWh/m³).

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