With the ever increasing power rates of wind turbines, more advanced control techniques are needed to facilitate tall towers that are low in weight and cost-effective but in effect more flexible. Such soft-soft tower configurations generally have their fundamental side-side frequency in the below-rated operational domain. Because the turbine rotor practically has or develops a mass imbalance over time, a periodic and rotor-speed dependent side-side excitation is present during below-rated operation. Persistent operation at the coinciding tower and rotational frequency degrades the expected structural life span. To reduce this effect, earlier work has shown the effectiveness of active tower damping control strategies using collective pitch control. A more passive approach is frequency skipping by inclusion of speed exclusion zones, which avoids prolonged operation near the critical frequency. However, neither of the methods incorporates a convenient way of performing a trade-off between energy maximization and fatigue load minimization. Therefore, this paper introduces a quasi-linear parameter varying model predictive control (qLPV-MPC) scheme, exploiting the beneficial (convex) properties of a qLPV system description. The qLPV model is obtained by a demodulation transformation and is subsequently augmented with a simple wind turbine model. Results show the effectiveness of the algorithm in synthetic and realistic simulations using the NREL 5-MW reference wind turbine in high-fidelity simulation code. Prolonged rotor speed operation at the tower side-side natural frequency is prevented, whereas when the trade-off is in favor of energy production, the algorithm decides to rapidly pass over the natural frequency to attain higher rotor speeds and power productions. KEYWORDS model demodulation transformation, model predictive control, quasi-linear parameter varying, tower natural frequency skipping
INTRODUCTIONThe tower makes up a substantial part of the total turbine capital costs, and therefore finding an optimum between its mass and manufacturing expenses is a critical trade-off. 1 For conventional towers, diameters are limited because of land-based transportation constraints. This aspect dictates the increase of wall thickness for the production of taller towers and consequently leads to increased weight and costs. Conventional tower designs are soft-stiff to locate the tower fundamental frequency outside the turbine variable-speed operational range and thereby eliminate the possibility of exciting a tower resonance by the rotor rotational or blade-passing frequency. However, with the ever increasing wind turbine power rates, a combination of technical solutions should enable future, low-cost, tall towers, by relaxing this frequency constraint. Soft-soft tower configurations form an opportunity for tall towers by their smaller tower diameters and reduced wall thickness. As a result, soft-soft towers are
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