Operative mortality associated with valve replacement surgery for CaHD has decreased. Symptomatic and survival benefit is noted in most patients when CaHD is managed by an experienced multidisciplinary team.

Background: Mitochondrial proteins are covalently modified with bioactive lipids (carbonylation) resulting in reduced metabolic function. Results: iTRAQ-based proteomics identified the phosphate carrier and subunits of Complex I as critical carbonylation targets. Conclusion: Oxidative stress leads to mitochondrial dysfunction through targeted lipid modification of critical proteins involved in phosphate and electron transport. Significance: Identification of carbonylation targets enables evaluation of specific protein modification on mitochondrial function.

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