In the major cities in the Western part of The Netherlands, a general “ethnic” accent is developing, which has characteristics of Moroccan languages (Moroccan, Arabic, and Berber). This accent is mainly used by young people in specific in-group situations. It is slightly different from the accent used by adult first generation learners of Dutch as a second language with a Moroccan background. Not only young people from Moroccan descent, but also young people with other ethnic backgrounds (both native Dutch and others) use this accent which will be abbreviated to MFD (Moroccan flavored Dutch) in the remainder of this article. We will address the following questions: • What are the characteristics of MFD? • Why is MFD based on Moroccan languages, rather than on any other language? • In what situations is MFD used? And how does the use of MFD interact with other group defining factors such as music, religion or clothing? • How does MFD interact with larger dynamic social developments such as politics and with other languages and dialects?

Multi-ethnolects: Kebabnorsk, Perkerdansk, Verlan, Kanakensprache, Straattaal, etc.Nortier, J.; Dorleijn, M.

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In the past decade there is a growing interest in Urban Youth Speech Styles (uyss). In this article Dutchuyssis the focus of attention. The basic question to be addressed is whether the identifying characteristics and functions of spokenuysscan be used and recognized in written form on the Internet as well.There is no standardized form ofuyssand the use of it is restricted to members of specific subcultures, not necessarily linked to specific ethnic groups. First, linguistic and functional characteristics ofuyssas they are used in the Netherlands will be described. Linguistically, a distinction is made between lexical, grammatical and phonetic/prosodic aspects. Furthermore, a closer look will be taken at the use ofuysson the Internet (mostly through rap) and examples of the use ofuyssin written comments on the rap videos will be presented and compared to the spoken varieties. It will be shown how written clues are used for identification purposes that are usually non-linguistic in oral encounters (i.e. classification of speech partners on the basis of what they look like, how they sound, etc.). Most of the analysis is based on a rap video by Relschoppers, a group of young Utrecht based Moroccan- and Turkish-Dutch rappers, and the comments on their video. In a separate section some attention is paid to Flemish participants in the Internet-discussions. They seem to useuyssin a way that differs from their Dutch peers.Finally a short conclusion and outlook is given, showing that the question asked in the beginning can be answered affirmative: identifying characteristics and functions ofuysscan be used and recognized in written form on the Internet as well.