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The role played by the middle powers in international economic negotiations is neglected by the literature on the subject. However, in an international trade negotiation characterized by a configuration of global asymmetry but with a relative symmetry between the dominant actors, the role played by the middle powers such as Canada constitutes a central factor in the success of the negotiation. Taking the example of the prenegotiations of the Free Trade Area of the Americas, this article shows how the middle powers facilitated the success of this crucial phase for the continuation of the negotiations. Le rôle joué par les puissances moyennes dans les négociations économiques internationales n'a pas beaucoup retenu l'attention des chercheurs. Pourtant, dans une négociation commerciale internationale caractérisée par une configuration d'asymétrie globale de pouvoir mais de symétrie relative entre les acteurs dominants, le rôle joué par les puissances moyennes comme le Canada constitue un facteur central dans la réussite de la négociation. Prenant l'exemple des pré-négociations de la Zone de libre-échange des Amériques, cet article démontre comment les puissances moyennes ont facilité la réussite de cette phase cruciale de la poursuite des négociations.

The behaviour of various types of polar dienes towards halogenated ortho quinones has been investigated in a number of representative cases. As compared to the commonly used para analogues, o-quinones provide a wide range of products that indicate a keener response to the nature, number, and position of substituents on both reactants. 3-Halogenated-o-naphthoquinones 1 and 2 react smoothly with a representative vinologous ketene acetal 3, vinylketene acetals 4 and 5, and a monooxygenated diene 6 to provide variously substituted phenanthrenequinones 7–11. Only monooxygenated dienes on the other hand add to o-benzoquinones 14–16 and give convenient syntheses of the corresponding o-naphthoquinones 18–20. Keywords: cycloaddition, o-naphthoquinones, phenanthrenequinones, regiospecificity.

The upper units of the Sierra de Espuna, which belong to the Malaga nappe, were emplaced before the Auversian and after the upper Lutetian (Eocene). During this period, the Betic of Malaga was united with the inner part of the Subbetic. Situated between two major domains, the Rio de Pliego 'limiting zone' contains postnappe beds in which the upper Eocene and then the Auversian, Oligocene, Aquitanian, and the Burdigalian [Miocene] are represented. In the transverse Espuna range, the second major tectonic event occurred in the middle Miocene, a period during which the Subbetic was thrust over the Prebetic autochthon.