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Wycieki gazu ziemnego z sieci przesyłowej i dystrybucyjnej są poważnym zagrożeniem dla środowiska ze względu na emisję metanu do atmosfery. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi przegląd dostępnych i stosowanych metod wykrywania nieszczelności gazociągów. Opisano w nim metody techniczne, nietechniczne oraz obliczeniowe, szczególnie zwracając uwagę na możliwość wykorzystania tych metod podczas prowadzenia pomiarów wielkości emisji metanu. Słowa kluczowe: gazociągi, sieci gazowe, wykrywanie nieszczelności. An overview of methods for detecting gas network leaks Gas leaks from natural gas transmission and distribution networks are a serious threat to the environment due to the emission of methane into the atmosphere. This article reviews the available and used gas leak detection methods. It also describes the available technical, non-technical and calculation methods including the possible use of these methods when conducting measurements of methane emissions.

Optymalizacja strategii wzorcowania w analizie zawartości lekkich węglowodorów w próbkach stałych metodą chromatografii gazowej z ekstrakcją do fazy nadpowierzchniowej (HS-GC-FID) W artykule opisano proces optymalizacji strategii wzorcowania w analizach lekkich węglowodorów, takich jak wę-glowodory benzynowe i węglowodory aromatyczne z grupy BTEX, w próbkach stałych. Optymalizacja polegała na wykonaniu szeregu analiz próbek gleb zanieczyszczonych w laboratorium, z wykorzystaniem metody chromatografii gazowej z ekstrakcją do fazy nadpowierzchniowej, i zastosowaniu dwóch strategii wzorcowania (ekstrapolacyjnej i interpolacyjnej). Badania miały na celu dobór odpowiedniej strategii wzorcowania, w zależności od typu wykonywanych analiz. W przypadku oznaczania węglowodorów benzynowych lepsza okazała się być metoda interpolacyjna, natomiast dla grupy węglowodorów aromatycznych zadowalające wyniki uzyskano, wykorzystując metodę ekstrapolacyjną z dodatkiem wzorca o stężeniu nie wyższym niż zawartość zanieczyszczenia w badanej próbce.Słowa kluczowe: wzorcowanie, metoda interpolacyjna, metoda ekstrapolacyjna, lekkie węglowodory, chromatografia gazowa, headspace, próbki stałe. Optimization calibration strategy in the content analysis of light hydrocarbons in solid samples by gas chromatography and headspace extraction (HS-GC-FID)The article describes the process of optimizing the strategy calibration analyzes of light hydrocarbons such as C 6 -C 12 and aromatic hydrocarbons from a group of BTEX in solid samples. Optimization included a series of studies in laboratory contaminated soil samples using gas chromatography, and headspace extraction using two strategies of calibration: extrapolation and interpolation. The purpose of the studies was to choose the right strategy for calibration, depending on the type of analyzes. For the determination of C 6 -C 12 hydrocarbons the better method has proved to be the interpolation method, whereas from the group of aromatic hydrocarbons, better results were obtained using the extrapolation method, but the concentration of standard addition should not be higher than the contamination in a real sample.

The article focuses on the problem of air pollution, which is referred to as smog, which, according to the WHO, causes the death of 4.2 million people annually. In Europe, the problem of smog particularly affects Poland, according to WHO data, among the 50 most polluted European cities, as many as 33 are in Poland. Out of concern for the health of the residents, Polish law has given local authorities the opportunity to introduce anti-smog resolutions. Anti-smog resolutions focus mainly on reducing dust emissions from the municipal and housing sector, and according to the data of the National Centre for Balancing and Emissions Management, it is responsible for approximately 49% of dust emissions into the atmosphere in Poland. Małopolska also adopted anti-smog resolutions in 2016 (for the city of Kraków) and 2017 (for the remaining area of the voivodeship). Nevertheless, actions under the implementation of air protection programs in Małopolska have been undertaken much earlier. In the years 2013–2018, 43.6 thousand boilers and stoves using solid fuels were decommissioned in Małopolska, including 22.5 thousand in Kraków alone. The article analyzes the changes in air quality in Małopolska in the years 2012–2020. The data analysis focused on five basic pollutants included in smog (i.e. PM10 and PM2.5 dust, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide) and the readings of 8 air quality monitoring stations (3 located in the city of Krakow and 5 stations located outside Krakow). The main purpose of the analysis was to show whether the measures taken in Małopolska lead to the improvement of air quality. For this purpose, both changes in daily average and annual average pollutant concentrations recorded by individual measurement stations, as well as changes in the number of days in the heating season in which the limit values were exceeded were analyzed. The analysis of the available measurement data for the years 2012–2020 clearly showed that there are pollutants for which the permissible content in the air is exceeded many times a year throughout the voivodeship. At the same time, in the analyzed period, there are noticeable decreasing trends in the observed concentrations of individual pollutants in the air, which proves that the measures taken in Małopolska to improve air quality are slowly bringing results.

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