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Refrigerants used in air conditioning and refrigeration (AC&R) indusries have come full circle since the beginning of the industrialrevolution. With concern on issues relating to the environment such as the global warming and climate change issues, we should finda better alternative than to continue using these refrigerants that cause global warming and ozone depletion. AC&R industryplayers have blended in by introducing some new equipment and components that are specificallydesigned for hydrocarbon (HC) use. Mostnew refrigerators sold in Malaysia are already equipped with isobutane [a hydrocarbon designated as R-600a by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standards]as refrigerants. Malaysia has ratifiedthe Montreal Protocol and targetted a 10% reduction in hydrochlorofluorocarbon(HCFC) consumption, beginning 2016 with the banning of 2.5 horsepower (hp) and below in air-conditioning (AC) equipment to be used. Instead,hydrofluorocarbon(HFC) R-410a was introduced as a replacement for HCFC- 22, whereas in other countries this HFC has been phased down. This article was initiated  because of the difficultin findinga replacement for HCFC. Also, the possibilities of using HC as an alternative to replace HCFC insteadof using HFC as a transitional refrigerant in place of HCFC is reviewed in this article. The performance of HC is very similar to HCFC and flmmability issues could be easily overcome with the use of an effectivedesign. Their use could be facilitated with the adaptation of specific standards and properly enacted legislatio

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Ionic liquid immobilized on commercial silica catalysts proved to be an effective heterogeneous catalyst for the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate (DMC) from transesterification of ethylene carbonate (EC) with methanol. The immobilized 1-n-alkyl imidazolium halide ionic liquid on commercial silica (RImX-CS) was characterized by EA, BET, FT-IR, 13 C NMR and 29 Si NMR. It was found that RImX-CS with a longer alkyl chain length showed much better catalytic activity. RImX-CS with chloride (Cl − ) as the counter anion showed the best catalytic activity. High temperature, high carbon dioxide pressure, and longer reaction time were favorable for the reactivity of BuImBr-CS. The catalyst can be reused for the reaction up to three consecutive runs without any considerable loss of its initial activity.