Purpose: The characteristics of allergic rhinitis can be different among countries and areas because causative allergens and aggravating factors depend on the living environment. However, there have been few studies on the clinical feature of Korean children with allergic rhinitis, as well as on clinical characteristics in different age groups. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics of Korean children with allergic rhinitis. Methods: The medical records of children under 12 years of age who had rhinitis symptoms were analyzed in terms of clinical symptoms and positive allergens. Subjects were classified into 2 groups: those with allergic rhinitis (AR group) and nonallergic rhinitis (NAR group). Both groups were subdivided into 3 categories: the 1-4 years, 5-8 years, and 9-12 age groups. Results: Among 516 children, 397 (76.94%) belonged to the AR group and 119 (23.06%) belonged to the NAR group. The male to female ratios were 2:1 in both groups. There were significant differences in sneezing and itching between the AR and NAR groups across different age subgroups. There were significant differences in nasal obstruction between the AR and NAR groups in the 9-12 age group. The incidence of AR was 77.8 % in chronic sinusitis patients. Sensitized allergens were house dust mites, animal hair, pollen, and mold in decreasing order in the AR group. Children who were sensitized to animal hair more frequently had sneezing than those who were not. Conclusion: Sneezing and itching strongly suggest allergic rhinitis in Korean children. Clinical characteristics of allergic rhinitis in Korean children would helpful in early diagnosis and adequate treatment of disease. (Allergy Asthma Respir Dis 2015;3:116-123) 서 론 알레르기비염(allergic rhinitis)의 유병률은 현재 전세계 인구의 40% 이상, 1,2) 유럽 인구의 23%-30%, 3,4) 미국의 12%- 30% 5) 로 이로 인한 사회적 부담이 매우 크다. 국제아동천식 및 알레르기질환 역 학조사 3상(International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood [ISAAC] study phase 3)에 따르면 알레르기비염 유병률은 나 이지리아의 3.6%부터 파라과이의 45.1%까지 나라마다 매우 큰 차 이를 보이고 있다. 6) 국내 초등학생의 알레르기비염 진단 유병률은 1995년 15.5%, 2000년 20.4%, 2006년 28.5%, 2010년 29.9%로 지속 적으로 증가하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 7-9) 산업화에 의한 대기오염의 증가, 식이 습관, 주거 및 생활환경의 변화, 위생가설 등이 질환 유병 률 증가의 주요한 원인으로 대두되고 있다. 10-12) 이처럼 국가 간, 지역 간 알레르기비염 유병률의 차이는 유전적인 요인 이외의 환경적인 요인에 기인한다. 알레르기비염은 비점막이 알레르겐에 노출된 후 일어나는 IgE 매개성 염증 반응에 의한 질환으로, 주요 증상은 수양성 콧물, 재채 기, 코막힘, 코 또는 눈의 가려움 등이다. 1) 그러나 약물, 바이러스 감 염 등에 의한 코 증상도 이와 유사하여 증상만으로는 알레르기비 염과 비알레르기비염(nonallergic rhinitis)을 구별하는 것이 쉽지 Allergy Asthma Respir Dis 3(2):116-123, March 2015 http://dx.

No abstract

The introduction of the high school credit system has increased the number of subjects available to students, resulting in unique exam schedules for each student. Our goal is to minimize manual effort and create exam schedules that meet specific requirements. To achieve this, we utilize exhaustive search techniques to ensure that each student’s enrolled subjects are included in their exam schedule. We measure student fatigue using an objective function that takes into account their satisfaction with each subject and its placement. We continuously generate schedules with lower average and standard deviation of fatigue for each student. To further optimize the schedules, we consider additional constraints such as grouping subjects that cannot be scheduled on the same day and taking into account the number of exam rooms available. Given the large number of possibilities involved in the search, we sort subjects and exam times according to fatigue levels and prioritize the search for difficult-to-allocate subjects and exam times. This reduces search time and allows us to create schedules more efficiently.