No abstract

A new proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-32 (IL-32) has six isoforms. Although IL-32 can be detected in sera from patients suffering from Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis, it is unclear which isoforms are involved. To this end, we investigated the functions of the most abundant IL-32b by generating K562-IL-32b stable cell lines. This report confirms, using IL-32 small interfering RNA, that IL-32b induces an anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in K562-IL-32b cells and U937 promonocytic cells, which express endogenous IL-32b upon phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) treatment, and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (DC) upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. Interleukin-32b was induced in monocyte-derived macrophages by LPS and in monocyte-derived DC by LPS, poly(I:C), or anti-CD40 antibody, but was not induced by PMA. We showed that IL-32b expression was increased in a time-dependent manner in monocyte-derived DC upon LPS treatment and peaked at 24 hr. Production of IL-10 was exactly coincident with IL-32b expression, but IL-1b and tumour necrosis factor-a production peaked at 6 hr after LPS treatment, then steeply declined. Interleukin-12 p40 was induced at 9 hr and gradually increased until 48 hr, at which time IL-32b and IL-10 were no longer increased. Knock-down of IL-32b by IL-32 small interfering RNA led to the decrease of IL-10, but the increase of IL-12 in monocytederived DC, which means that IL-32b promotes IL-10 production, but limits IL-12 production. We also showed that IL-10 neutralization increases IL-12, IL-1b and tumour necrosis factor-a production, which implies that IL-10 suppresses such proinflammatory cytokines. Taken together, our results suggest that IL-32b upregulates the production of an anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, and then IL-10 suppresses proinflammatory cytokines.Keywords: cytokine; dendritic cell; inflammation; interleukin-10; interleukin-32Please cite this article in press as: Kang J.-W. et al. A proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-32b promotes the production of an anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10, Immunology (2009)

This study shows that distal clavicle resection combined with rotator cuff repair for asymptomatic ACJ arthritis with inferiorly directed osteophytes lower functional scores due to temporary pain in early postoperative periods, but better functional outcomes with satisfactory pain relief and no reoperation rate were observed after 2 years.

A root attachment injury (root tear) of the meniscus can abolish the ability of the meniscus to bear hoop stress and predispose to increase articular contact stress which contribute to femorotibial degenerative changes. A pull out suture technique to repair the root tear has been described, but the procedure making the tibial tunnel may be difficult and troublesome. This article describes a repair technique using a suture anchor and posterior trans-septal portal.

Isolated horizontal meniscal tears in young patients predominantly involved non-dominant knees and medial meniscus. Anterior aspect of medial meniscus was more frequently involved in traumatic group. Meniscal cysts were more frequently showed in non-traumatic group.