Poverty for the elderly is one of the most urgent social problems when discussing the social problems facing Korean society. The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of elderly poverty problems and to seek countermeasures. According to a systematic analysis of the economic difficulties of the elderly population that applies a socioecological model, the cause of elderly poverty is complicated by the specificity of the labor market and pension system in Korean society. This is compounded by the lack of a public support system that can overcome insufficient family care and a lack of individual preparation. To alleviate elderly poverty, this paper recommends three policy alternatives. First, a robust multipillar retirement income security system must be established. To secure a minimal retirement income for the elderly in poverty, who have been marginalized from the public pension system design, the basic pension should be raised for the bottom 70% of senior citizens. Second, in order to tackle labor market duality and early retirement, the seniority-oriented wage system should be reformed into a job-based wage system. Third, to minimize unemployment and promote quality among re-employment jobs, the government should strengthen vocational skills development by expanding programs tailored to older people.