Brazil is a country of continental dimensions with widespread regional and social inequalities. In this report, we examine the historical development and components of the Brazilian health system, focusing on the reform process during the past 40 years, including the creation of the Unified Health System. A defining characteristic of the contemporary health sector reform in Brazil is that it was driven by civil society rather than by governments, political parties, or international organisations. The advent of the Unified Health System increased access to health care for a substantial proportion of the Brazilian population, at a time when the system was becoming increasingly privatised. Much is still to be done if universal health care is to be achieved. Over the past 20 years, there have been other advances, including investments in human resources, science and technology, and primary care, and a substantial decentralisation process, widespread social participation, and growing public awareness of a right to health care. If the Brazilian health system is to overcome the challenges with which it is presently faced, strengthened political support is needed so that financing can be restructured and the roles of both the public and private sector can be redefined.

Brazil is a large complex country that is undergoing rapid economic, social, and environmental change. In this Series of six articles, we have reported important improvements in health status and life expectancy, which can be ascribed largely to progress in social determinants of health and to implementation of a comprehensive national health system with strong social participation. Many challenges remain, however. Socioeconomic and regional disparities are still unacceptably large, refl ecting the fact that much progress is still needed to improve basic living conditions for a large proportion of the population. New health problems arise as a result of urbanisation and social and environmental change, and some old health issues remain unabated. Administration of a complex, decentralised public-health system, in which a large share of services is contracted out to the private sector, together with many private insurance providers, inevitably causes confl ict and contradiction. The challenge is ultimately political, and we conclude with a call for action that requires continuous engagement by Brazilian society as a whole in securing the right to health for all Brazilian people.

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Trata-se de ensaio que apresenta um estudo exploratório da retórica paradigmática da saúde com o objetivo de analisar os principais elementos de discurso dos movimentos ideológicos que historicamente construíram o campo social da saúde, particularmente na segunda metade do século XX. São destacados os esforços empreendidos pela Organização Panamericana da Saúde para debater a teoria e a prática da saúde pública na região das Américas cotejando-os com as demandas emergentes no contexto econômico, político e social dos países latino-americanos. Neste particular, destaca-se a necessidade de construir uma agenda política comum, a partir da confluência de três temáticas - reforma setorial, "Renovação da Saúde para Todos" (RSPT) e "nova saúde pública", contemplando os planos doutrinário, conceitual, metodológico e operativo. Apresenta-se uma breve sistematização do marco conceitual da saúde coletiva, em elaboração na América Latina, situando mais particularmente as suas potencialidades de construção de um conhecimento transdisciplinar. Conclui-se que, apesar de em si não constituir um paradigma, a saúde coletiva, enquanto movimento ideológico comprometido com a transformação social, apresenta possibilidades de articulação com novos paradigmas científicos capazes de abordar o objeto saúde-doença-cuidado respeitando sua historicidade e integralidade.