Using human evaluation of 100,000 words spread across 24 corpora in 10 languages diverse in origin and culture, we present evidence of a deep imprint of human sociality in language, observing that (i) the words of natural human language possess a universal positivity bias, (ii) the estimated emotional content of words is consistent between languages under translation, and (iii) this positivity bias is strongly independent of frequency of word use. Alongside these general regularities, we describe interlanguage variations in the emotional spectrum of languages that allow us to rank corpora. We also show how our word evaluations can be used to construct physical-like instruments for both real-time and offline measurement of the emotional content of large-scale texts.language | social psychology | happiness | positivity

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The phosphorus in 48 surficial Lake Erie sediment samples was present in three major forms: phosphorus associated with apatite, nonapatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP), and organic phosphorus. The apatite was of natural, detrital origin. It existed as particles ranging from fine sand to clay in size but mostly as silt-sized particles and was concentrated in nearshore sediments. Both NAIP and organic phosphorus was concentrated in fine-grained sediments accumulating in offshore depositional areas. NAIP was associated with amorphous hydrated ferric oxide in the oxidized microzone but was present as vivianite (Fe3(PO4)2∙8H2O) and possibly other forms also in the reduced zone. The organic phosphorus content of the sediment was closely related to organic carbon content. The phyllosilicate, organic matter, and reactive iron and manganese components of the sediments existed in intimate association.

Sedimentary materials from eroding bluffs, suspended solids in streams, and lake bottom sediments from Lakes Ontario and Erie were cultured with the alga Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp.) de Brebisson in modified Rodhe's medium with the sediments as the sole source of P. P uptake by the algae was related to the amount of nonapatite inorganic phosphorus in the sediments. Apatite phosphorus was not used, and the bluff samples, in which over 90% of total P was in this form, did not support algal growth. The nonapatite inorganic P fraction was highly correlated with the amounts of inorganic phosphorus extracted by three standard techniques for estimating "available P" (extraction by NaOH and nitrilotriacetic acid solutions and by H-resin) and cell uptake equaled NaOH-extractable inorganic P in several instances. Uptake of P by the cells varied from 8 to 50% of total P and from 38 to 83% of nonapatite inorganic P when measured directly. Organic phosphorus in the sediments was not utilized by the algae. Percentage utilization of total P was in general highest when total P concentration in the sediments was itself high.

A program promoting preconception counseling can be implemented on a statewide basis by using various health-care providers to deliver the program. Participation in such a program appears to be related to improved pregnancy outcomes among women with pregestational diabetes.