This study presents a method of estimating the effective inertia of a power system from ambient frequency and active power signals measured by PMUs. Most importantly, we demonstrate that inertia can be estimated from ambient measurement data, not only from disturbances. This leads to the possibility of monitoring inertia in a close to continuous manner in the time scale of minutes or tens of minutes. The method allows the system to be divided into a number of areas and the effective inertia of each area to be estimated as a separate quantity. In principle, inertia is estimated by observing the dynamics between changes in active power and resulting frequency deviations during normal operation of the system. The method is based on applying system identification on these measurements and extracting inertia values from identified models. Efficacy of the method is demonstrated on results of real measurements from the Icelandic power system.

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This study presents a method of estimating the effective inertia of a power system from ambient frequency and active power signals measured by PMUs. Most importantly, we demonstrate that inertia can be estimated from ambient measurement data, not only from disturbances. This leads to the possibility of monitoring inertia in a close to continuous manner in the time scale of minutes or tens of minutes. The method allows the system to be divided into a number of areas and the effective inertia of each area to be estimated as a separate quantity. In principle, inertia is estimated by observing the dynamics between changes in active power and resulting frequency deviations during normal operation of the system. The method is based on applying system identification on these measurements and extracting inertia values from identified models. Efficacy of the method is demonstrated on results of real measurements from the Icelandic power system.