Despite widespread practices, high productivity of R&D centers has been lacking in higher education institutions. Present article reports that R&D centers are bit active in providing human resource management, skilled manpower and research experts to society and research institutions accordingly. But, these are not playing an effective role in making need-based assessments of research projects, providing trained manpower to local industry, preparing expert artisans for strengthening labor market, developing bridge between research institutions and community, and facilitating public sector institutions through research activities. The province-wise and discipline-wise comparison of R&D centers points out that their progress varies from province to province as well as from discipline to discipline. The study identifies major causes of low productivity and suggests solutions.

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This research study identified the main areas related to entrepreneurship teacher education. The main objectives of the study were: (a) to identify the importance of entrepreneurship education for teacher education in Pakistan; (b) to identify the areas to prepare pre-service teachers for entrepreneurship education. The nature of study was descriptive while mixed method approach was used to gather information. Twelve teacher educators and eighty five prospective teachers were selected by using convenience sampling technique. ENVIVO-11 and SPSS were used to analyze qualitative and quantitative data. It was revealed that mostly interviewees agreed on entrepreneurial education should be made a part of national professional standards of teachers. Majority of the trainee teachers appreciated entrepreneurship education. Most of the respondents intervene about imparting and improving entrepreneurial education for prospective teachers’ course. Interviewees are appreciating this step of entrepreneurial intentions in prospective teachers’ course.

The current study is designed to explore the conceptual difficulties of elementary school students in the subject of general science. The current research was descriptive in nature. Data was collected through the survey method. A diagnostic test was made. For the development of the test, General Science Text Book for 8thclass published by Punjab Text Book Board Lahore, edition 2020 was consulted.  A table of the specification was prepared and delimited to the first three levels of the cognitive domain of Bloom’s taxonomy. The concept-based test consisted of 25 items with four options. Criteria of item analysis were determined, and every item was analyzed based on data. The 300 elementary students in Khanqah Sharif Bahawalpur district Punjab, was approached through simple random sampling. The results illuminated that 78% of concept-based items were difficult.  The chemistry-based concepts consisting of chemical reaction, properties of acids, and physics-based concepts including thermal contradiction, working of Iris, Radiation, ozone depletion, air pollutants were considered most difficult concepts to understand by elementary students.

From the last few decades, math anxiety has become the major concern of educationists. Students’ academic achievement especially in mathematics has been considered as a crucial factor in determining the future progress of students. But unfortunately, the participation rate of students in mathematics is decreasing day by day. The main objectives of the study were to assess secondary school students’ anxiety in mathematics and to explore the causes of students’ anxiety in mathematics.  A sequential explanatory mixed method research design was used. The data was collected through both quantitative and qualitative methods. A five-point rating scale questionnaire was developed for quantitative data collection. The tool was validated through pilot testing. 100 students participated in pilot testing. Internal consistency of the instrument was assessed by Croanbach’s alpha which was 0.7. The targeted population of the study was both male and female secondary school students from the district Bahawalpur, Punjab.  Out of the whole population, 726 male and female students were approached via multi-stage sampling technique.  After quantitative data collection data was entered in SPSS version 20 and percentage, frequency distribution and mean score was calculated.  Based on the quantitative data results it was observed that secondary school students were numerophobic and had moderately a high level of anxiety in mathematics. On the basis of quantitative results, interviews of secondary school teachers were conducted to explore the causes of students’ anxiety in mathematics. 20 teachers were approached via purposive sampling. The qualitative data revealed that major causes of students’ anxiety in mathematics were lack of practice, lack of previous knowledge, communication gap between student and teacher, and lack of interest in mathematics.