Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder of multiple etiology, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both (1). The cost of diabetes care is high and escalating worldwide. The number of people with diabetes is increasing in every country. Half of the people with diabetes are not aware that they have it, and four out of five people with diabetes live in low-and middleincome countries. Half of the people who die from diabetes are aged less than 60 years (2,3).According to the World Health Organization, the prevalence of diabetes in adults has increased worldwide, and the number is expected to rise from 135 million in 1995 to 300 million by the year 2025 (4). According to Rao et al., 32 million patients had diabetes in India in 2005, which might increase to 80 million by the year 2030 (5). According to Madras Diabetes Research Foundation, Chennai, this disorder is the most prevalent in South Asia, especially in India, which has earned the unwelcome title of the "Diabetes Capital" of the world with 41 million individuals with diabetes (6). The number of people living with diabetes in India currently is around 69.2 million (7).This disorder is frequently associated with long-term complications such as atherosclerosis, ischemic heart disease, chronic renal failure, and ketoacidosis. It is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality owing to its complications. Due ABSTRACT Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major health concern in the 21st century, which is largely preventable but remains responsible for millions of deaths annually and many life-threatening complications. The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the efficacy of Withania coagulans Dunal and Eugenia jambolana Lam with that of standard control metformin in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus.This was a randomized open study with standard control. A total of 60 diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomly allocated in the test (n = 30) and control groups (n = 30). Test drug, a combination of E. jambolana (6 g in powder form) and oral infusion of W. coagulans (10 pieces), and control drug metformin (500 mg) were administered to the participants twice daily for 90 days. The subjective parameters were assessed at every follow-up, blood sugar was recorded at a monthly interval, while hemoglobin A1c, RFT, and lipid profile were recorded at baseline and at the termination of the trial. The study outcome was analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. The test drug showed significant improvement at par to the control drug in subjective (polydipsia, polyphagia, fatigue, and weight loss) and objective (blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, RFT, serum cholesterol, and serum triglyceride) parameters without any side effects or toxicity. The study inferred that the drug was safe and effective in managing type 2 diabetes mellitus.

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Objective:The objective of the present study is to assess correlation with the Mizaj of the patients afflicting with grade 1 essential hypertension. Background: Essential hypertension is one of the leading causes of the global burden of disease. The World Health Organization rates it as one of the most important causes of premature death worldwide and accounting for 10.4 million deaths per year. In classical Unani literature there is not description of any disease with the caption hypertension. However, ancient Unani scholars Razi, Majoosi and Ibn-e-Sina have described many clinical manifestations under the heading of imtila which simulates to the clinical features of hypertension and represents it very well. Material and Methods: A single blind randomized comparative clinical trial (between test and control group) was conducted on 60 diagnosed patients of grade 1 essential hypertension aged between 35-65 years in the department of Moalejat AKTC, AMU Aligarh. The patients were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Mizaj of the patients was determined using a proforma designed to assess the Mizaj. Results and Observations: Out of 60 cases, 31 (51.67 %) cases, (50% in test group and 53.33% in control group) were found to have Damvi Mizaj (Sanguineous temperament). Conclusion:It can be concluded that the incidence of grade 1 essential hypertension is higher in patients having sanguineous temperament.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a long-standing inflammatory condition of undetermined causative factors with the hallmark of symmetric joint involvement. It is an autoimmune disease in which the body's immune system of the patient innocently targets its own body tissues. A principally attacks the synovial membrane, resulting in inflammation, proliferation, articular cartilage loss, and erosion of bone. The most prevalent inflammatory arthritic condition, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), affects 0.5% to 1% of the global population. It affects 15% (180 million) of the population of India. In the classical Unani literature, Waja ál-mafasil is described in detail for all types of arthritis, and one of its types Hudar has clinical features that are similar to those of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) which is mentioned in the modern system of medicine. According to the Unani System of medicine, waja ál-mafasil occurs in various joints caused by derangement of the body's natural humours i.e., dam (blood), balgham (phlegm), safra (bile), and sauda (black bile) with various explanations mentioned by great scholars in Unani literature. Contrary to modern management, which mostly relies on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glucocorticoids, and disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), which come with many adverse effects, they managed it using a multidimensional approach. The main emphasis of this review article is on the important characteristics of rheumatoid arthritis with reference to waja ál mafasil to understand the status of the disease as described by Unani scholars and to offer a preferable option in terms of adverse effects and affordable treatment.