Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP), a known complication of cirrhosis Liver is an acute bacterial infection of the peritoneum. Usually no source of infection is easily identifiable. Objective: To compare the efficacy of Ciprofloxacin and Cefotaxime in Cirrhosis Liver patients with SBP. Material and Methods: This prospective, comparative, single center study was conducted in the Department of Medicine, Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar from 1st October 2017 to 31st December 2018. A total of 300 admitted patients having Cirrhosis Liver with SBP were included in this study. The patients were randomized into Group A and Group B. Group A was treated with Intravenous Ciprofloxacin and Group B was treated with Intravenous Cefotaxime given twice daily for a period of 5 days. Diagnostic peritoneal paracentesis was done before the start of the treatment and repeated after 5 days therapy. Patients who were either non cirrhotic or had secondary bacterial peritonitis were excluded from the study. Results: A total of 300 Cirrhosis Liver patients with SBP were studied in two equal randomized groups. Out of these 168 were male and 132 were female. The mean age of patients in study was 51.14±11.9 years. The age ranged between 15-75 years. In Group A, 82 percent responded to ciprofloxacin and in group B, 86 percent responded to cefotaxime. Conclusion: Both intravenous ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime are effective in treating spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with Cirrhosis Liver. Key Words: Ciprofloxacin, Cefotaxime, Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, Efficacy.

The issue of Islamophobia got attention from researchers, academicians and journalist for the last three decades However the issue got enormous attention after the Twin Towers were attacked on 9/11, 2001, in USA. This study examines how media portray the issue of Islamophobia. For that purpose, two leading newspapers of Canada namely Globe and Mail and Toronto Star selected for content analysis. This study uses content analysis by selecting the articles published on Islamophobia in two leading newspapers of Canada namely The Toronto Star and The Globe & Mail for a period of three months (January to March 2017). There are several parts of a newspaper that are analyzed (i.e. stories, content framing, priming and overall structure). In the first step, we go through the newspaper and identify all the stories. In the second stage, we identify the framing and priming of the stories and articles on Islamophobia. The main focus of this study is to examine the framing of the stories related to Muslims and Islamophobia in Toronto Star and The Globe & Mail newspapers. Moreover, this study concentrated on issue of Islamophobia before and after the Quebec Mosque attack. The main results of the study show that during this period, the negative stories published on Islamophobia are more evident from Toronto Star and Globe and Mail newspaper despite the fact that both newspapers are liberal according to their theme of the stories. As compare to Globe and Mail, Toronto Star published more articles on Islamophobia. Keywords: Islamophobia, Attitudes, Content Analysis

Objectives: The prime objective of the study was to determine the prevalence of Diabetic Retinopathy in recently diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients with duration up to one year. Study Design: Single center, descriptive, observational study. Setting: Department of Medicine, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar. Period:  August, 2017 to March, 2018. Material and Methods: A total of 196 patients who were either newly diagnosed or diagnosed within last 12 months were included in the study. Patients with type 1 diabetes or diagnosed later than 12 months were excluded from the study. Patients with retinopathy due to some other cause were also excluded from the study. Both out door patients and admitted patients were included in the study. After detailed history, proper fundoscopic examination of both eyes was performed and findings were recorded on preformed proforma. Results: A total of 196 patients were enrolled in the study. One hundred and ten were male and 86 were female in a ratio of 1.3:1 respectively. Age distribution amongst study population ranged between 30-60 years. Mean age of the population was 49.18 ± 7.62 SD years with median age 48 years and mode age 45 years. Out of 196 patients, 32 (16.3%) patients had diabetic retinopathy on proper fundoscopic examination. Conclusion: Diabetic retinopathy is a well known microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus and any one with this complication must be referred to specialist ophthalmologist for further necessary investigation and management to prevent further complications.

This article investigates Pakistani media approach towards Kashmir conflict at the time of violence, whereas the researcher evaluates the overall media coverage on the basis of elites’ debate (Bennett, 1990), and Hallin’s spheres (1986) with major objective to add the influence of ‘popular support’ of public i.e. rally-round-the flag phenomenon into the available scholarship on political communication. To carry out this study contently, the researcher selected two newspapers i.e. the English language newspaper- Dawn, and Urdu daily Nawae-Waqt as both have their active role in highlighting the policy issues, especially the issue of Kashmir. The overall findings of this study suggest that elites’ consensus over the issue of Kashmir activated highly supportive coverage in media while the prevailing environment around Kashmir conflict- after the incident of Burhan Wani- created sphere of consensus, which mobilized popular support against the Indian aggression, establishing the rally-round-the flag phenomenon.

Background: Alkaloids and flavonoids are secondary metabolites extracted from different medicinal plants. Tamarix aphylla a traditionally valuable medicinal plant; was used for the extraction of alkaloids and flavonoids in order to evaluate their antibacterial activity. Methodology: The leaves of the plant were collected from district Kohat, Pakistan, and their alkaloids and flavonoids were extracted with ethanol and methanol, respectively. Four bacteria i.e. Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were selected for the biological screening of these phyto-constituents. Results: The concentration of alkaloids was found to be more in the leaves of Tamarix aphylla than flavonoids. The extracted phytochemicals showed varied inhibition zones against tested bacterial isolates. Alkaloids showed highest inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus (14±0.6 mm) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13±0.7 mm). Conversely, flavonoids showed the highest inhibitory affect against Salmonella typhi (17±0.7 mm) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (14±0.7 mm). However, both extracts showed the lowest inhibitory effects against Escherichia coli. Conclusions: It was concluded that the alkaloids and flavonoids from Tamarix aphylla leaves have antimicrobial potential against common human bacterial pathogens. However, flavonoids were found to be more active phytochemical against tested bacterial strains as compared to alkaloids.