This study aimed to examine and find out about the requirements and mechanisms for the election of Golkar and PPP candidates of leaders, as well as to evaluate the mechanisms and requirements of the leadership succession in Golkar and PPP in order to ensure a smooth process of leadership succession so as to avoid any leadership dualism. The problems of this study were (1) How are the mechanisms and requirements of the leadership succession in Golkar and PPP? (2) Are the mechanisms and requirements of the leadership succession in Golkar and PPP able to provide legal certainty to avoid leadership dualism? This was a normative legal research with statute approach. The data were secondary data consisting of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings showed that both Golkar and PPP have set in details the requirements and mechanisms of leadership succession in their Statutes and Bylaws. Therefore, seen from the legal-formal aspect, the Statutes and Bylaws of these parties are able to serve as the rule of the game in leadership succession. However, conflicts still occur because some party elites do not have adherence to the rules that leadership dualism is unavoidable.

Public participation needs to be improved to promote an access to justice when the right to enjoy a healthy environment is violated by TNCs. This article has two problem formulations: first, how is public participation in making legal policy for the responsibility of TNCs. Second, why is it necessary to design a legal policy against the responsibility of TNCs for violating the right to enjoy a healthy environment is necessary to promote an access of justice. This research is normative. The approach used was the legislation and conceptual approach. The results of this study concluded that: first, public participation in the process of issuing a legal policy for the responsibility of TNCs in Indonesia has not been implemented properly. Second, the public participation in making the legal policy against the responsibility of TNCs for violating the right to enjoy a healthy environment is necessary to promote an access of justice.