This section outlines planning and management considerations in providing water, wastewater and solid waste services (i.e., utilities) in cold regions, primarily within a community context. The objectives of utility services and the characteristics of various utility system options are outlined. Considerations in evaluating utility options are presented. As well, this section outlines general considerations that are common to various utility systems and facilities including site conditions, project management and operations and maintenance. Other sections of this monograph contain more detailed information on specific utility system components and facilities.Planning utilities in cold regions is important and challenging for the following reasons:• Utility systems provide a critical life support function with severe physical and social consequences of failure. 9The cost to construct and operate utilities is typically two to five times higher than in warmer climates, due to such factors as high energy costs, high transport costs, low temperature, permafrost and isolation. 9 Cold Regions Utilities Monograph Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by The University of Manchester on 11/21/14. Copyright ASCE. For personal use only; all rights reserved. 9 increasing the quantity of water available; 9 improving the availability and accessibility of water and the convenience in using water; * improving personal hygiene; * implementing sanitary collection, treatment and disposal practices for excreta, greywater (washwater) and solid waste; and * controlling insect vectors (e.g., surface water management).Utility services and systems that the people do not effectively use will not protect health. Factors that influence use are:* perceptions and knowledge of the causes Qf illness and the benefits of water and sanitation services (Tester, 1976); * attitudes and perceptions of waste management and community living (Tester, 1976); 9 water use practices, i.e., personal hygiene (Martin, 1982); * acceptance of water quality, particularly chlorinated waters;* confidence in the service and system; * type of plumbing and appliances; and » ability and willingness to pay for services.Health protection and improvement depend on the type of utility system and the level of service. Providing a safe source of water within a community, but not delivery water to the homes, can improve health where the alternate water sources are distant or where local water sources are contaminated. However, health improvement is often limited for the following reasons:Cold Regions Utilities Monograph Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by The University of Manchester on 11/21/14.