The present study was aimed to find an eco-friendly approach for the management of tomato early blight disease through seed treatment with different concentrations of crude oligosaccharide elicitor of Alternaria solani with PGPR alone and in combination. Seed treatment with the combination of 3 mg/ ml of CO with TN_Vel-35 showed significant increase in germination of 93.33% and 2733 seedling vigor when compared to control as well as individual treatments showing 75% germination and 887 seedling vigor. Under green house conditions maximum disease protection of 83% against early blight disease was recorded in combined treatment of CO with TN_Vel-35 when compared to control which showed less than 10%. At the biochemical level, enhanced accumulation of POX (49.86 U at 24 hpi) and PPO (44.56 U at 48 hpi) was obtained in challenge inoculated seeds treated with combined treatment of CO with TN_Vel-35 when compared to all other treatments and control.
We have previously demonstrated that a protein purified from xylan-induced culture filtrates of Trichoderma viride contains ,8-1,4-endoxylanase activity and induces ethylene biosynthesis in tobacco (Nkotiana tabacum cv Xanthi) leaf discs. When the ethylene biosynthesis-inducing xylanase (EIX) was applied to cut petioles of detached tobacco leaves, it induced ethylene biosynthesis within 1 hour and extensive electrolyte leakage and necrosis were observed in tobacco leaf tissue within 5 hours. Ethylenepretreatment (120 microliters per liter ethylene for 14 hours) of tobacco leaves enhanced ethylene biosynthesis in response to EIX by more than threefold and accelerated development of cellular leakage and necrosis. In intact plants, similar symptoms could be induced in leaves that were distant from the point of the enzyme application. The evidence suggests that EIX is translocated via the vascular system and elicits plant responses similar to those observed in a hypersensitive response.14, 17, 20), lipid peroxidation (17)
Ethylene production in apple fruit and protoplasts and in leaf tissue was inhibited by spermidine or spermine. These (15) during dark-induced senescence of detached leaves. Also, polyamines inhibit development of RNase and protease activity in barley leaf discs (15). The mechanism by which polyamines exert these effects is unknown. These effects, however, are the opposite of those caused by the plant growth regulator, ethylene, which promotes senescence of many plant tissues (8).We investigated the effect of polyamines on ethylene biosynthesis, partly because polyamines and ethylene derive from the same precursor, S-adenosylmethionine (1, 2, 16), and because of the possibility that polyamines regulate plant metabolism by influencing the biosynthesis of ethylene.
BackgroundMethotrexate (MTX) remains the disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug of first choice in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) but response varies. Predicting non-response to MTX could enable earlier access to alternative or additional medications and control of disease progression. We aimed to identify baseline predictors of non-response to MTX and combine these into a prediction algorithm.MethodsThis study included patients recruited to the Rheumatoid Arthritis Medication Study (RAMS), a UK multi-centre prospective observational study of patients with RA or undifferentiated polyarthritis, commencing MTX for the first time. Non-response to MTX at 6 months was defined as “no response” using the European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response criteria, discontinuation of MTX due to inefficacy or starting biologic therapy. The association of baseline demographic, clinical and psychosocial predictors with non-response was assessed using logistic regression. Predictive performance was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and calibration plots.ResultsOf 1050 patients, 449 (43%) were classified as non-responders. Independent multivariable predictors of MTX non-response (OR (95% CI)) were rheumatoid factor (RF) negativity (0.62 (0.45, 0.86) for RF positivity versus negativity), higher Health Assessment Questionnaire score (1.64 (1.25, 2.15)), higher tender joint count (1.06 (1.02, 1.10)), lower Disease Activity score in 28 joints (0.29 (0.23, 0.39)) and higher Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale anxiety score (1.07 (1.03, 1.12)). The optimism-corrected AUC was 0.74.ConclusionsThis is the first model for MTX non-response to be developed in a large contemporary study of patients commencing MTX in which demographic, clinical and psychosocial predictors were considered. Patient anxiety was a predictor of non-response and could be addressed at treatment commencement.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-018-1645-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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