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INTRODUCTIONModels of atmospheric processes simulate only certain spatial and temporal scales. The observations used to test the performance of these models are individual realizations (which can be envisioned as coming from ideal ensembles), and are affected by variations unaccounted for within the simulation model. Given this, it makes sense to ask the models to replicate variations having certain spatial and temporal scales, but it does not make sense to ask the models to replicate the variations unaccounted for within the simulation model (e.g., observed maxima, or total variance).