There are limited research studies about the development of test instrument to assess the level of entrepreneurial thinking among children in STEM education. The purpose of this research was to develop an Entrepreneurial Science Thinking Test (ESTT) for primary school children in STEM Education and evaluate its validity and reliability. The ESTT was developed using experiential learning theory which comprised of five constructs, namely Observation, New Ideas, Innovation, Creativity, and Value. The ESTT consisted of ten open-ended question items that require children to answer questions in statements and draw sketches of ideas. The evaluation was conducted to determine the reliability and validity of ESTT which involved five subject matter experts and 166 11-year-old fifth graders from five urban schools in Sabah, Malaysia. The data obtained from fifth graders were computed using WINSTEPS software version 3.73 and analysed using the Rasch measurement model. The results indicated a high acceptable content validity and construct validity, high internal consistency, and excellent item reliability and item separation. Through item fit analysis, all items were retained. The finding established the reliability and validity of the ESTT and would therefore represent a valid and highly reliable instrument for measuring entrepreneurial science thinking among fifth graders in STEM Education. Keywords: experiential learning theory, science entrepreneurial thinking, validity and reliability, STEM education

This study attempted to understand youth's social media following during natural disasters. It investigated Malaysian youth's perception about the importance of immediacy, trust, and accuracy of social media news and information during natural disasters. This study found that youth prefer to consume social media news and information during natural disasters such as flooding, landslides, and haze. This is mainly contributed by the immediacy of news and information on social media. Besides immediacy, youth also value trust and accuracy of social media news and information during natural disasters. As the findings of this study revealed, youth are more inclined to become followers to social media creators who have a high level of trust and whom they believe can provide accurate natural disasters news and information. Hence, it is crucial that the authority and news organizations to provide natural disasters news on social media that is timely and accurate.

There are limited research studies about the development of questionnaire to assess the level of primary school students’ curiosity towards STEM education. In this research, curiosity towards STEM Education Questionnaire (CQ-STEM) instrument was developed based on Berlyne’s Theory of Curiosity. CQ-STEM consisted of 10 items measuring the two constructs of curiosity towards STEM, namely exploration and acceptance. A total of 166 fifth graders aged 10 to 11 years enrolled in five urban schools in Sabah, Malaysia made up the research sample. Rasch Measurement Model was applied to determine the validity and reliability of CQ-STEM. The validity of the CQ-STEM instrument was well established among the constructs of exploration and acceptance through the person fit, item fit, item polarity, unidimensionality, and variable map. The CQ-STEM instrument was found to have a high reliability with a Cronbach’s alpha value (KR-20) of .93. CQ-STEM has an excellent item reliability and moderate high item separation value of .96 and 4.83 respectively. In conclusion, CQ-STEM has good validity and high reliability in measuring curiosity towards STEM Education among primary school students. Keywords: curiosity towards STEM Education, primary school students, Rasch Measurement Model, validity and reliability, questionnaire development

Instrumen Ujian Pemikiran Sains Keusahawanan (UPSK) telah dibina bertujuan mengukur pemikiran sains keusahawanan dalam Pendidikan STEM sekolah rendah. Kajian ini bertujuan mennentukan kualiti instrumen UPSK melalui kesahan dan kebolehpercayaan instrumen UPSK melalui Model Pengukuran Rasch. UPSK adalah rangkuman soalan terbuka yang terdiri daripada sepuluh item dengan lima pecahan konstruk iaitu: pemerhatian, idea baharu, inovasi, kreativiti dan nilai. Sampel terdiri daripada 166 orang pelajar yang berusia 10 hingga 11 tahun dari sekolah-sekolah bandar di daerah Tawau, Sabah. Hasil analisis kesahan mendapati polariti item melalui nilai PTMEA-Corr menunjukkan bahawa kesemua 10 item berada >0.00 (+). Melalui analisis kesesuaian item, semua item masih dikekalkan kerana memenuhi syarat dalam salah satu julat outfit MNSQ, Outfit ZSTD dan PTMEA-Corr. Dalam analisis komponen utama (PCA), nilai Raw Variance Explained by Measures 66.8% (cemerlang) dan nilai Unexplained variance dalam kontras pertama di bawah 15% menunjukkan bahawa instrumen mempunyai keekadimensian yang kuat dan mempunyai kesahan konstruk yang tinggi. Kebolehpercayaan Cronbach Alpha (KR-20) menunjukkan nilai 0.91 (sangat tinggi), kebolehpercayaan item 0.98 (cemerlang) dan responden 0.89 (baik) dengan nilai pengasingan item 7.97 dan responden 2.83. Kesimpulannya, UPSK mempunyai kesahan yang baik dan kebolehpercayaan yang tinggi dalam mengukur pemikiran sains keusahawanan dalam kalangan pelajar tahun lima di sekolah rendah di Sabah.

This research was conducted to examine the effects of the socioscientific issue with the thinking wheel map (SI-TWM) approach on the curiosity towards STEM, the construct of Exploration and Acceptance. A teaching and learning (TL) module was developed to guide teachers in implementing the SI-TWM approach to enhance curiosity among year five students. Quasi-experimental quantitative research was conducted on 345 year five students (aged 11 years old) in urban primary schools in Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia. A total of three groups were assigned randomly, namely i) socioscientific issue with thinking wheel map approach (SI-TWM, n=115), ii) socioscientific issue approach (SI, n=115), and iii) conventional approach (CONV, n=115). The curiosity towards STEM questionnaire was developed to measure the level of curiosity towards STEM. Data analysis was performed using MANCOVA, ANCOVA, and effect size. The results of the MANCOVA analysis showed that there was a significant effect across the three TL approaches for curiosity towards STEM. Meanwhile, the ANCOVA analysis results showed a significant effect of the SI-TWM approach compared to the SI and CONV approaches on curiosity towards STEM, the construct of Exploration and Acceptance. The results of this research prove that the SI-TWM approach positively impacts the cultivation of students' curiosity towards STEM. Keywords: curiosity towards STEM, socioscientific issue, thinking wheel map, year five students