Background
Central skull-base osteomyelitis (CSBO) represents a life-threatening complication of external ear canal infection. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) play key roles in assessment of CSBO progression.
Methods
Twelve patients with CSBO were included in a retrospective clinical study. In total, 62 scans (30 CTs and 32 MRIs) were performed to evaluate the extent of inflammatory changes. The scans were read independently by two radiologists specialised in imaging of the head and neck. The regions under the skull base were specified using the online Anatomy Atlas of the skull base. To clarify the timeline, the time period was divided into four parts, and inflammatory changes in the skull-base regions were tracked. Data were statistically analysed.
Results
In early stages of the disease, CT scan detects inflammatory changes closely related to the stylomastoid foramen and medially to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle, changes which have been proved to be crucial for the diagnosis of CSBO. Later the infection spreads to the contralateral side causing demineralisation of the bones.
Conclusion
Imaging methods play a crucial role not only in establishing the diagnosis, but also in anticipating the direction of infection spread underneath the skull base.
The study of CSR communication and CSR web communication is based on many theories. The most frequently mentioned of these is stakeholder theory and, in the context of controversial enterprises, legitimacy theory. This article aims to assess whether controversial enterprises, such as chemical enterprises, operating in selected countries communicate their socially-responsible behavior in line with stakeholder and/or legitimacy theories. The subject of this study was the TOP chemical enterprises located in Czechia, Norway, Slovakia, and Ukraine. Descriptive and inferential statistical tools were used to process the data obtained from content analysis. From a methodological point of view, "The Method of Communication of Economic, Environmental, Ethical, Social and Philanthropic Activities" was used. The study which was performed shows that the TOP chemical enterprises in Czechia, Norway, Slovakia, and Ukraine communicate environmentally-responsible and economically-responsible measures to the greatest extent on their web pages. This confirmed the hypothesis that environmentally sensitive enterprises communicate their CSR measures in line with legitimacy and stakeholder theories.
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