Abstract. Image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) enables the achievement of higher precision in radiation delivery, a reduction in safety margins and a reduced risk of toxicity in healthy tissues. The present study investigated the magnitude of safety margins for the radiation boost setup on skin marks or metal clips implanted into the tumor bed during breast cancer surgery. One hundred eighty-four patients after breast conserving surgery with implanted metal clips into tumor bed were analyzed. The present study investigated the difference in safety margin required for the treatment setup on skin marks and metal clips. The skin marks were created using a positioning laser system in the treatment room. Metal clips implanted in the tumor bed were registered using IGRT with kilovoltage X-rays in orthogonal projection. Treatment setup was performed during free breathing. The safety margin corresponding to the planning target volume (PTV) was calculated from the recorded data. Calculated safety margins for the treatment setup on skin marks were 9.4, 11.1 and 11.1 mm in the anteroposterior, craniocaudal, and laterolateral directions, respectively. Corresponding safety margins with the use of IGRT and metal clips registration were 4.7, 5.1 and 5.9 mm, respectively. The safe PTV margin was 12 mm using setup on skin marks without IGRT, whereas a 6-mm margin was sufficient with the use of metal clip-based IGRT with daily online correction. IGRT has been adopted as the standard treatment method within the Oncology Centre of Multiscan and Pardubice Hospital (Pardubice, Czech Republic).
Triple-positive breast cancer (TPBC), i.e. HER2-positive (HER2+) and hormone receptors-positive breast cancer, is a specific subgroup of breast cancers. TPBC biology is characterized by strong mutual interactions between signaling pathways stimulated by estrogens and HER2 amplification. The present study aims to carry out a population-based analysis of treatment outcomes in a cohort of hormone receptor (HR) positive and negative breast cancer patients who were treated with anti-HER2 therapy in the Czech Republic. The BREAST research database was used as the data source for this retrospective analysis. The database covers approximately 95% of breast cancer patients treated with targeted therapies in the Czech Republic. The analysis included 6,122 HER2-positive patients. The patients were divided into two groups, based on estrogen receptor (ER) or progesterone receptor (PR) positivity: hormone receptor negative (HR-) patients had both ER-and PR-negative tumors (n = 2,518), unlike positive (HR+) patients (n = 3,604). HR+ patients were more often diagnosed premenopausal at the time of diagnosis, presented more often at stage I or II and their tumors were less commonly poorly differentiated. The overall survival (OS) was significantly higher in subgroups of HR+ patients according to treatment setting. When evaluated by stages, significantly higher OS was observed in HR+ patients diagnosed at stages II, III, and IV and regardless of tumor grade.
Východiska: Karcinom prsu (breast cancer-BC) se zvýšenou expresí receptoru 2 pro lidský epidermální růstový faktor s tyrozinkinázovou aktivitou (HER2+) je klinicky a bio logicky heterogenní onemocnění. Z hlediska genové exprese se rozlišují čtyři hlavní molekulární subtypyluminal A, luminal B, HER2 enriched (HER2-E), basal-like. Nejčastějším subtypem je HER2-E (50-60 %). U hormonálně dependentních (HR+) HER2 pozitivních nádorů představuje podskupina HER2-E 40-50 %, ostatní jsou luminální A a B podtypy. Cíl: Cílem přehledového článku je pohled na využití rozdělení HER2 pozitivních nádorů na subtypy, které představují prediktivní parametr a mohou být vodítkem pro léčebný postup. Např. HER2-E subtyp je charakteristický vyšší pravděpodobností dosažení kompletní patologické remise pomocí chemoterapie kombinované s antiHER2 terapií a uvažuje se, že by jej bylo možné léčit pouze duální HER2 blokádou bez chemoterapie. V současnosti je stále častěji předmětem intenzivního zájmu specifická skupina BC charakterizovaná pozitivitou HER2+ a současně HR+, tzv. triple pozitivní nádory, jejichž unikátní bio logické vlastnosti jsou způsobeny komplexní interakcí signalizace HER2 a estrogen receptoru (ER). Tyto interakce způsobují snížení efektivity hormonální léčby ve srovnání s HR+ a HER2 negativními pa cientkami a současně i pozitivita ER u HER2+ tumorů může vést ke vzniku rezistence na antiHER2 léčbu. Tento typ BC představuje nehomogenní skupinu onemocnění, kde se s různou silou uplatňuje působení HER2 pozitivity na maligní chování tumoru a současně i aktivita signální cesty řízené působením estrogenů. Řada studií v současnosti testuje samostatnou léčbu duální HER2 blokádou či zařazení imunoterapie. Je také předmětem výzkumu kombinace antiHER2 cílené léčby s fulvestrantem, inhibitory aromatázy, inhibitory cyklindependentní kinázy 4/ 6 a s inhibitory dráhy PI3K (fosfatidylinositol-3-kináza). Závěr: Rozdělení HER2+ BC na jednotlivé subtypy přináší informace, které mohou přispět k přesnějšímu rozhodování o vhodné terapii a k testování nových léčebných postupů. Klíčová slova karcinom prsu-subtyp-HER2-trastuzumab-HER2 pozitivni-triple pozitivni-HER2 enriched Autoři deklarují, že v souvislosti s předmětem studie nemají žádné komerční zájmy. The authors declare they have no potential conflicts of interest concerning drugs, products, or services used in the study. Redakční rada potvrzuje, že rukopis práce splnil ICMJE kritéria pro publikace zasílané do bi omedicínských časopisů. The Editorial Board declares that the manuscript met the ICMJE recommendation for biomedical papers.
An unusual case of bilateral Krukenberg tumor with foci of yolk sac tumor (YST) differentiation occurring in a 50-year-old patient is reported. The primary tumor was in the gastric antrum, and it showed morphology of poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with diffuse and solid growth pattern. A component of typical YST was not found in the gastric primary and lymph node metastases, although some cells in these locations were positive for alpha-fetoprotein. In the ovarian metastases, YST element showed microcystic/reticular and solid patterns, whereas the adenocarcinoma component was of diffuse type with signet ring cells and with some undifferentiated areas. The case represents further example of the somatic cell-derived tumor with focal germ cell-type differentiation and the first report of YST differentiation in Krukenberg tumor.
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