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No difference in screening-detected LCs was seen using a hemostatic agent or an advanced bipolar energy device. This may guide surgeons on their use given the costs. The unusually low baseline LC rate compared with the literature underpowered the study and precluded statistical significance in the hemostat trial despite almost 50% LC reduction such that a larger study may be warranted. Also, while advanced energy did not reduce LCs, it was equally efficacious and efficient as use of clips.

confirmed a small conductance of~1.5 pS but observed a pronounced cooperative gating of multiple channels. We expressed HCN2 channels in Xenopus oocytes and studied single channel currents in insideout patches. Our results confirm a small conductance (~2 pS) and do not provide any evidence for a cooperative gating between the channels, enabling recording from patches containing one and only one channel. The activating effect of cAMP, applied to the bath solution, is mediated by an increase of the open probability. In conclusion, HCN2 channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes develop an only small single-channel conductance, gate as individual channels, and are activated by cAMP via an increase of the open probability. These results are of importance for modelling single-channel properties from macroscopic currents.