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Since the implementation of the cashless policy on January 1st, 2012 in Lagos state which is aimed at reducing the high cost of cash production, circulation and distribution in Nigerian economy, the set-out goals have not been fully achieved due to several on-going challenges. This survey research was conducted to review challenges of the cashless policy implementation in Nigeria and to identify factors that influence the adoption of electronic payment for exchange of value. The Unified Theory of Acceptance and Usage of Technology (UTAUT) was employed to identify various challenges from data gathered through questionnaires distributed to different stakeholders in the economy. A total of 410 questionnaires were collected and the research work adopted used Partial Least Square (PLS) method and used SmartPLS software during the data analysis. The attendant findings were pivotal to understanding the challenges encountered in implementing cashless policy in Nigeria. Using UTAUT we measured the significance and impact of Social Influence, Facilitating Condition, Effort Expectancy, Performance Expectancy and Behavioural Intent to Use on Actual User Adoption. From the result, facilitating conditions has no direct effect on actual system use and trust has no positive effect on behavioural intention to adopt the system. This study shows that despite the implementation of this policy, a lot of users are still being faced with various challenges and more efforts are still being required to achieve an effective cashless society.

Software architecture and design is an important component in the software engineering field. This aspect of software engineering covers the functional and non-functional requirements of any system being proposed to be developed, while software architecture deals with non-functional requirements, software design entails the functional requirements. The objective of this paper is to critically analyze current topics in Software architecture and design. The method of analysis involved the use of inclusion and exclusion criteria of papers published in journals and conferences. These papers were accessed from digital libraries like ScienceDirect, and IEEE explore, with a quantitative approach of analysis been imbibed. From the analysis, the result showed that, of 35 papers used in analysis, 34.3% discussed stakeholders' involvement and decisions in software design. 17.1% for design quality, 20% examined software reuse while 11.4% discussed software evaluation and 8.6% of papers reviewed discussed software management, evolution and software development life cycle each which should be more focused as it is the fundamentals of software design and architecture. From the analysis derived, stakeholder's involvement and decision in software design is an integral part in software building for effective use. Thereby making researchers dwell more on the topic. The least discussed topics was due to the expectations of researchers. Expecting readers to have a fore knowledge of the fundamentals of design which includes software management, evolution and software development life cycle.

Cloud computing is an important model that allows for information exchange between the various aspects of the Cloud using different service types and models. The issue of deciding a specific research scopemostly in terms of architectural models used in achieving utility in the Cloud, is usually a complex process for a researcher. However, a review or survey paper assists in easily identifying likely topics of research. The objective of this work is to carry out a systematic mapping study of architectural models for achieving utility in the Cloud. A systematic mapping research allows for categorization in a subject area using a scheme based on certain classification process. The scheme used in this paper was categorized into three facets namely: topic, research and contribution facets. The results showed for example that, 30.77% of the papers reviewed on architectural models for achieving utility in Cloud computing are related to evaluation research. The breakdown identified that 5.98% of the evaluation research dealt with design, 6.84% considered applications, 10.26% focused on performance models, 3.42% discussed implementation, 1.71% was on platforms and 2.56% dealt with component models. This study vividly identified gaps in the field of architectural models for achieving utility in the Cloud. This will stimulate interest for advanced studies by both researchers and industry practitioners.