To address and improve the quality of antenatal care provided in its clinics, the Maternal Child and Women's Health (MCWH) Unit of the KwaZulu-Natal (KZN) DOH decided to review and revise the way it provides antenatal care services. Informed by research conducted by WHO on focused antenatal care, this revised approach consists of five goal-directed ANC visits and two post-natal care visits. The MCWH Unit, in collaboration with the Population Council's FRONTIERS in Reproductive Health (FRONTIERS) Program,

Denning behavior has long remained the least observed aspect of bear behavior. During 2010–2013, we used webcams, microphones, the internet, and 14,602 h of archived video to document the denning behaviors of two adult wild black bears (Ursus americanus) as they gave birth and cared for four litters through six winters in northeastern Minnesota. Observations included types of dens, labor, pre-parturient genital swelling, birthing positions, post-partum vocalizations, mothers removing amniotic tissues and warming newborn cubs in sub-freezing temperatures, frequency of nursing, cubs establishing nipple order, yearlings suckling, the ingestion of snow and icicles, the ingestion of foot pads, urination and defecation in latrine areas, toilet-licking, eye opening, reciprocal tongue-licking, play, rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and possible dreaming, and reactions to wildlife intruders. The use of this new method for observing natural bear dens allowed the identification of many behaviors undescribed for any species of wild bear in dens. We also discuss the need for future studies and how the depth and duration of black bear hibernation varies with body condition and geographic region.

Loosely defined, stakeholders are "users" or "implementers" of the guidelines and consisted of district medical officers, primary health care nurses, district MCWH coordinators , midwives, advanced midwives, nurse educators, and representatives from program management. This group also included parties who had an interest in the outcome of the project. Key informants are subject experts who helped to inform and guide the process, particularly with regard to specific technical areas. Stakeholders and key informants also helped to identify relevant provincial and district staff who formed several task teams arranged according to a number of themes identified for special consideration and planning. Despite their busy schedules and the concomitant challenges, meetings were well attended and all districts were represented. Key Informants Key informants are subject experts who helped to inform and guide the process, particularly with regard to specific technical areas. Key informants consisted of 15 academics and researchers. These experts included individuals who were conducting research in the field of antenatal and postnatal care, including conducting trials on PMTCT, individuals with experience in