Significantly different metabolome signatures were identified between normal-weight and obese adolescents. Combined untargeted and targeted metabolomics demonstrated that inflammation-driven insulin resistance, ammonia toxicity and oxidative stress may represent crucial metabolomic signatures in obese adolescents.

24Viruses of bacteria and archaea are likely to be critical to all natural, engineered and human ecosystems, 25and yet their study is hampered by the lack of a universal or scalable taxonomic framework. Here, we 26 introduce vConTACT 2.0, a network-based application to establish prokaryotic virus taxonomy that 27 scales to thousands of uncultivated virus genomes, and integrates confidence scores for all taxonomic 28 predictions. Performance tests using vConTACT 2.0 demonstrate near-identical correspondence to the 29 current official viral taxonomy (>85% genus-rank assignments at 96% accuracy) through an integrated 30 distance-based hierarchical clustering approach. Beyond "known viruses", we used vConTACT 2.0 to 31 automatically assign 1,364 previously unclassified reference viruses to tentative taxa, and scaled it to 32

Recently, the prevalence of childhood obesity has significantly increased in industrialized countries, including Korea, and now controlling obesity is becoming an economic burden. However, knowledge of the risk factors associated with obesity is still limited. In this study, we aimed to discover additional obesity-associated loci in children. To achieve this, we conducted an exome-wide association analysis of copy number variation (CNV) using whole-exome sequencing (WES) data from a total of 102 cases and 86 controls. We newly identified a CNV locus that overlapped two protocadherin genes, PCDHB7 and PCDHB8, which are brain function-related genes (P-value=6.40 × 10, odds ratio=2.2189). A subsequent replication analysis using WES data from 203 obese and 291 normal weight children showed that this CNV region satisfied the genome-wide significance standard (Fisher's combined P-value=3.76 × 10). Moreover, correlation test using 199 additional samples supported significant association between CNV and increased body mass index. This region also showed a meaningful association with 273 cases and 2596 controls in adult samples. Our findings suggest that differences in the common CNV region at 5q31.3 may have an impact on the pathophysiology of obesity.