DNA barcoding based on mitochondrial DNA COI gene is very useful in identifying of Indonesian hornbill. We sequenced the DNA barcode of seven hornbill species using the mitochondrial DNA COI gene to explore their genetic variation, identity, distance, and phylogenetic. Thirty-one blood samples from seven hornbill species were isolated and analyzed. Slight variation was observed within the nucleotide of the hornbill species. In contrary, fairly significant difference was shown within the genus and family level. COI gene sequences generated from this study, showed unmatched result with BoLD System database. These seven Indonesian hornbill species were then divided into two groups, namely Group I consisting of Aceros cassidix, Rhyticeros plicatus, R. undulatus, Buceros rhinoceros, and B. bicornis, while Group II occupied by Anthracoceros albirostris and A. malayanus; both groups with genetic distance 5.90%. Overall in-group had 9.40% distances to the hornbill used as the out group. COI sequence gene from these seven hornbill species are novel for identifying Indonesian hornbills. We encourage its use as quick species identification, applied to prevent illegal poaching conservation management.

Genetic information of Indonesian hornbills (Julang) is still limited. We sequenced the cytochrome b gene of three hornbill species (Rhyticeros undulatus, R. plicatus, and Aceros cassidix) to explore their genetic variation, distance, and phylogenetic. Nine blood samples for Cyt b from three hornbill species were isolated with Dneasy® Blood and Tissue Kit base on Spin-Column Protocol, Qiagen. SNP, genetic distance, and phylogeny were calculated by MEGA 6.0 software. This study was found variations in the Cyt b gene sequence (849 bp) between three species Indonesian Julang. Rhyticeros undulatus had the most SNP compared to R. plicatus and Aceros cassidix. Substitution of synonyms is more common than substitution of synonyms and transition substitution frequency tends to be much higher than transversion substitution. The three species of Indonesian Julang were markedly separate with an average genetic distance of 5.25%. and separated with the outgroup species at a genetic distance of 9.43%. Cytochrome b sequence genes from these three hornbill species are novel for identifying and classifying hornbills, and could be applied to prevent illegal poaching and conservation management in Indonesia.

This study aims to inventory the types of plants used as food and resting place by Macaca fascicularis in the mixed garden area of ​​Chief Curup Village, Rejang Lebong Regency, Bengkulu. The method used is the Continuous-time recording method and focal animal sampling which is focused on four target individuals in the observed group. The results showed that the plants used by M. fascicularis as a food source were Arenga pinnata, Schizostachyum brachycladum, Capsicum frutescens, Durio zibethinus, Archidendron pauciflorum, Terminalia catappa, Garcinia mangostana, Musa paradisiaca, Parkia speciosa, ferns from the order Cyatheales and Hibiscus tiliaceus. While the plants used as resting places were Durio zibethinus, Terminalia catappa and Schizostachyum brachycladum. In conclusion, there are 11 types of plants that are used as food sources by M. fascicularis (fruit, flowers, leaves, petioles), and 6 of them are community cultivated plants. In addition, there are two types of plants that are used as a place to rest during the day and one type of plant as a place to sleep at night. Keywords: Macaca fascicularis, Long Tailed Monkey, Forage Plants

Jeruk Kalamansi (Citrofortunella microcarpa) merupakan komoditi khas Provinsi Bengkulu yang sekarang banyak dimanfaatkan untuk berbagai pengobatan, makanan dan kosmetika. Minyak atsiri dari limbah Kulit Jeruk Kalamanansi memiliki kandungan senyawa kimia diantaranya yaitu phenyl ethyl alcohol, geraniol, eugenol, dan beberapa senyawa lainnya yang berpotensi memiliki aktivitas antibakteri. Aktivitas antibakteri minyak atsiri kulit Jeruk Kalamansi dapat berpotensi sebagai antibakteri alami pada berbagai macam sediaan kosmetika salah satunya adalah deodorant spray. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan formula deodorant spray mengandung minyak atsiri kulit Jeruk Kalamansi yang memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri penyebab bau badan yaitu Staphylococcus epidermidis. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan formulasi deodorant spray dengan 3 formula F1, F2, F3 mengandung minyak atsiri 15%, 20% dan 25% serta F0 basis yang tidak mengandung minyak atsiri dan dibandingkan dengan F4 yaitu deodorant spray merek X yang beredar di pasaran. Pada setiap formula dilakukan uji aktivitas aktibakteri terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis pada cawan petri menggunakan metode difusi cakram. Daerah diameter hambat pada masing-masing formula dihitung dan dibandingkan dengan menggunakan metode kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Hasil uji aktivitas antibakteri memperlihatkan bahwa F1 memiliki aktivitas antibakteri paling kuat.

Guild composition and niche breadth are important point on avian studies. This paper describes the guild composition and niche breadth of understorey bird in Sipisang, West Sumatra. The study was conducted since May 2002 until October 2004 for approximately 10 days each month (totally 284 days or 51.120 net.hours). Fifteen mist nets were operated on ground level separately on three locations, which made 60 m line each. Mist nets were operated from 6.00 AM until 18.00 PM, and checked every two hours. The captured birds were identified, ringed, measured, weighted, photographed and released. In total 1061 individuals were captured during the study; those birds belong to 103 Species and 28 families. Based on guild, study area was dominated by insectivore-frugivore birds (IF) both in species and individual level. Meanwhile terrestrial frugivorous (TF) became the lowest one. Insectivore-frugivore also recorded has the broadest niche breadth. The bird communities dominated by small birds, which have weight lower than 30 g.