The lymphocytic phenotypes involved in the pathogenesis of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Iraqi children have recently been investigated, in a study based on cluster-of-differentiation (CD) markers. Each case of VL investigated was confirmed parasitologically by the observation of amastigotes in a bone-marrow smear. Compared with the values for the healthy children used as controls, a lymphocyte from an untreated VL case was significantly less likely to be CD3+ or CD4+, significantly more likely to be CD8+, and more (but not significantly more) likely to be CD22+. The untreated cases also had significantly lower CD4+/CD8+ ratios than the controls. Among the untreated cases, gender and age had no apparent effect on any of these variables. After 28 days of treatment with sodium stibogluconate, there was a trend towards normalization in the lymphocytic phenotypes of the VL cases, with significant increases in the CD4+/CD8+ ratios and the percentages of lymphocytes that were CD3+ or CD4+, and a significant decrease in the percentages of lymphocytes that were CD22+.

The mean levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase enzymes exhibited a significant elevation in visceral leishmaniasis (VL) patients compared to the control. There was no significant change in relation to the sex and age. ALP isoenzymes revealed three banding patterns which differ from the three zymodems which were obtained from control group. These differences may be due to isoenzymes activity of patients with VL before and after therapy. Lactate dehydrogenase (LD) isoenzymes revealed five banding patterns differ from the five normal zymodems. These differences mainly occurred due to LD isoenzymes activity in patients with VL before and after therapy.

It was clinically and surgically proven that sixty-four patients were infected with a hydatid cyst. Follow up was done in Al-Sadder Medical City, Najaf/Iraq during the period between January and December 2018. The incidence of the prevalence of hydatidosis female was higher than that of males. The youngest patients infected was five years, and oldest was over than 70 years old. The age group 21-30 years old had the highest percentage of hydatidosis infections. The rate of infection in females 64 (61%) more than males 25 (39%). Compared to males, there was a substantial rise (P < 0.05) in females. The percentage of liver hydatidosis relative to other organs was higher (67.18%). There were many patients with big cyst size (>5cm) than those with small cyst sizes (<5cm).