Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used to analyze the alterations in the density of retinal blood vessels and the choriocapillaris (VD) in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). One hundred sixty-six eyes of 83 patients (43 of whom were men and 40 women, with a mean age of 58.59 ± 14.04) with T2DM and without diabetic retinopathy were examined for the purpose of conducting the observational prospective study. The control group (CG) consisted of 66 eyes in 33 healthy subjects (15 male and 18 female, with a mean age of 55.12 ± 12.70). The measurement regions of vessel density (VD) included the deep capillary plexus (DCP), the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), and the choriocapillaris. The results indicate considerable differences in the VD of the DCP and SCP when comparing the control group with the study groups ( p < 0.001 ). In comparison with the control group ( p < 0.001 ), there was a statistically significant reduction in the VD of the choriocapillaris in the study group. Furthermore, patients with T2DM showed a significantly decreased VD concerning the control in different macular regions. Thickness in several macular regions in the study group significantly decreased compared to the ones in the control group. OCTA was used to gather relevant information about the vascular changes which occurred in T2DM patients, assessed through the quantitative analysis of the blood flow in the retina and choriocapillaris.

The aim of this paper was to review the advances in the pathogenesis and management of the dry eye disease. The appropriate dry eye treatment presupposes knowledge of all existing pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic therapeutic modalities. The mainstay of therapy is still artificial tears, with anti-inflammatory therapy and punctual occlusion therapy as second and third line therapies.

Wearing a tight necktie for a limited period of time during the day could be considered as a possible risk factor for glaucoma development.