The structural and value developments resulting from the cultural revolution in contemporary societies, parallel to the growth, have sought attention to the category of memory. Cultural memory has become an important tool in producing discourses and representations, as well as forming the cultural identity of social groups and communication with many institutions and social structures. The present article seeks to describe the contexts, functions, and effects of memory studies as an interdisciplinary academic tradition and introduce its main approaches and methods, especially in the tradition of cultural studies. For this purpose, the approach of neuro-aesthetics was utilized, and the Atonement Novel was reviewed, which in addition to adding important agendas in the study of everyday life and popular culture, also has a great contribution to the connection of humanities and social sciences and a better understanding of cultural and social complexities. Given the results, the major probable addition for the humanities from discussions with neuroscience is a pulling together of consideration on a few center inquiries of normal interest.

During its early structuralist and typological phases, narratology faced a great deal of difficulty relating theory to practice. The study of narrative texts is both an applied science and a theory in its own right. Its critical challenge as applied narratology is 'So what?' Why do we need all these subcategories to understand texts? Narratology has been criticized for not producing significant readings as a theory, like deconstruction or Lacanian psychoanalysis. The main objective of this paper is to seek to explore the narratological dimensions of literature and compare the Narrative Theories based on structuralist views. To achieve this goal, first a brief history of narratology is offered to provide an opportunity to discuss the structure and the leaders of the narratology movement, and then the entire structuralist discussion of narratology, its concepts, the procedure, and the practitioners is examined. According to the results, structuralist narratology encompasses the opening of a path to the language of a narrative and, therefore, the decoding of the language to act upon its meaning.

Man's natural ability to tell stories was not hidden from literary critics' speculative eyes. Oral and written storytelling has been around for thousands of years. The fascination with ontological and epistemological questions regarding being and the unknown has prompted the man to use his imagination motor to explore and dwell simultaneously in both real and fictional worlds, actual and virtual ones. This article is an attempt to connect different interpretations of trans-textualized hypertexts or retellings that have emerged as a result of the contemporary movements of structuralism and poststructuralism in the light of Gerard Genette’s narrative theory, in order to emphasize the dialectic of assumptions and positive expectations. Structuralist narrative theories prove inapt to justify the thematic modifications of the hypertexts created as the result of trans fictionality. To meet the aim of the study the descriptive method is utilized, which seeks to explore the narratological dimensions of the four retellings above of the Odyssey, based on the structuralist view. Considering the results, narratological reading based on the overall structure of a narrative, or langue, cannot justify the changes that hypersexuality is responsible for, and the reading has to be in line with the parole, or the specific style of each hypertext.