Nutrient fluxes to the Bay of Biscay from the Cantabrian basin have been quantified for the first time. Data between 1981 and 1995 of the main 16 Cantabrian rivers from the COCA monitoring programme have been used. Values of water flow and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), phosphate and silicate concentrations have been taken. Equations are proposed to quantify the fluvial nutrient contributions to the Cantabrian Sea. The annual average of continental outputs to the Bay of Biscay from the Cantabrian basin is 16.1 x 109m30f freshwater, 1.0 x IO9 mol of N in DIN, 0.062 x lo9 mol of phosphate and 1.2 x lo9 mol of silicate. In comparison with the French rivers, those of the Cantabrian have small fluxes and their outflow is very disperse, not forming large coastal plumes. From April to September, when the primary production is relatively important, the DIN contribution to the Cantabrian coastal reservoir is 10 %. Coastal fertilisation due to continental waters could be considered as negligible and only influences areas very close to river mouths, except for the Naldn River. Its flux represents 33 % of nitrate, 39 % of phosphate and 15 % of silicate of the total continental inputs of nutrients to the Cantabrian Sea. 0 Elsevier, Paris nitrate I phosphate I silicate I river I Cantabrian coast RCsumC-Flux de inutriments du bassin versant Cantabrique au golfe de Gascogne. Les flux de nutriments du bassin Cantabrique au golfe de Gascogne sont quantifies pour la premiere fois. Collectees entre 1981 et 1995 dans le cadre du programme de surveillance COCA, les donnees utilisees sont les debits des seize principaux fleuves et leurs concentrations en azote inorganique dissous (DIN), en phosphate et en silicate. Des equations sont proposees pour quantifier les flux de nutriments. En moyennes annuelles, les apports continentaux sont estimes a 16,l x lo9 m3 d'eau deuce, 1,0 x lo9 mol d'azote inorganique: dissous, 0,062 x lo9 mol de phosphate et 1,2 x lo9 mol de silicate. Comparee B celle des fleuves francais, la contribution des fleuves espagnols est faible et tres dispersee, saris grands panaches &tiers. Entre avril et septembre, par forte prloduction primaire, l'apport d'azote inorganique dissous au reservoir &tier Cantabrique est de 10 % du total. La fertilisation cot&e par les eaux continentales est negligeable en dehors des embouchures de fleuves, sauf pour le Nalon ; celui-ci apporte a la mer Cantabrique 33 % du nitrate, 39 % du phosphate et 15 % du silicate.

Vespula germanica (F.) has a negative impact on agriculture, beekeeping, and tourism in Chile. Therefore, environmentally-friendly strategies need to be implemented to control this serious pest. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of adults of V. germanica to different types of baits with acetic acid + isobutanol (AAIB) added. The selected baits were: blood and bone flour (BF), raspberry jam (RJ), and sweet condensed milk (CM). The trial was conducted in a severely infested site in central Chile. Mixtures were placed in bottle traps. All of the traps were monitored daily from Monday to Friday during 5 weeks, and rebaited every week. A randomized complete block design, with 12 treatments and 4 replicates was used. Captures of V. germanica and other social hymenopterans were identified and data were recorded; V. germanica individuals approaching the trap openings (= visits) were also counted. A number of 15,480 V. germanica individuals, which were mostly workers, were captured. The most attractive baits were CM and BF + 2 mL AAIB. Feeding baits attracted significantly more workers with increasing concentrations of chemicals (AAIB), and significantly more wasps than the feeding baits alone. Lesser captures occurred of Apis mellifera workers (1,046), while the preference trend differed from that observed for V. germanica in several treatments. A number of 854 Polistes buyssoni workers were captured, but no differences were found between treatments. In addition, a number of 466 V. germanica visited the traps, but the trend observed with captures only occurred in traps baited with BF + AAIB, whereas no preference trend was observed for mixtures with RJ and CM. The results indicate that these attracting baits can be used not only to massively and selectively capture and destroy adults of V. germanica, but also to develop feeding baits not attractive for A. mellifera.

This work describes a practical way to optimize the high level of the chef creativity to produce rational approaches to food design. It is particularly focused on the preparation of two dishes: bubbly juice and false skin. For the first dish, three samples were prepared with egg white protein (EWP) and xanthan gum at pH 4.6 and pH 7.0. At pH 4.6 (isoelectric point), there were substantial differences of the interfacial dilational modulus of EWP when xanthan gum was added. At 1 mg/ml xanthan, the system showed a very strong interface (high viscoelasticity) compared to the other samples. Measuring half drainage time revealed which samples were the most stable. The properties discussed were related to stability. For the false skin dish, edible films were made by gelatin extracted from cod skins (A solution) and a mixture of cod skin gelatin and commercial gelatin (AG solution). The results showed that tensile strength (TS) of gelatin films increases almost by 25%, elongation at break (EAB) by 14%, and the Young modulus (E) by almost 100% when increasing protein concentration. To confirm water plasticizer effect, the results were compared to a gelatin film made with 30% glycerol (plasticizer). Water content affects to a great extent the mechanical properties of the films. Finally, images of the dishes are presented in order to have a full view of the purpose and the results obtained.

Este artículo trata sobre la historia de la Educación Especial. Su objetivo último es poner de manifiesto el derecho inalienable a la educación con independencia de las características físicas o psíquicas de la persona. Sus apartados son un recorrido por la historia de la cultura y la educación especial. Se comienza en la cultura mitológica antigua, se aborda la actitud de Grecia y Roma, a continuación se estudia el problema en la Edad Media, en el Renacimiento, en la Ilustración y en la cultura contemporánea. El artículo termina con un análisis sobre las tendencias contemporáneas en el campo de la Educación Especial

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