How significant are the impacts of man-made climate change today? The summer 2003 European heat wave had disastrous consequences: water shortages shut down 14 nuclear plants at electricity producer EDF, causing electricity price spikes of 1,300 percent, which, because they could not be passed on to customers, resulted in a $300 million loss; European agriculture lost an estimated $15 billion; and more than 35,000 people died. The ripple effects dramatically affected upstream and downstream sectors of various regions. France, the largest energy exporter in Europe, cut its energy exports by more than 50 percent. Output of animal fodder fell by up to 60 percent, and despite imports from countries not affected by the heat wave, such as Ukraine, livestock producers were affected by shortages and price hikes. Without man-made climate change, a summer as hot as 2003 would have been an exceptional "1-in-1,000-year" event. Due to man's influence on the climate, by 2003 the risk of such an event had already more than doubled to 1 in 500 years. By 2040 summers as hot as 2003 will be "normal," 1-in-2-year events, and by 2060 they will be cooler than the average (COPA/COGECA 2004; Stott et al. 2004; UNEP 2004).