Data surveillance using incidence rates stratified by cardiac procedure and type of infection is relevant to improving infection control efforts. Risk factors in patients who developed superficial infection were different from those in patients who developed mediastinitis. Coronary artery bypass graft using internal mammary artery was associated with a high risk of surgical-site infection, and independent factors such as reoperation for cardiac tamponade or pericard effusion increased the risk of infection.

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This multicenter, randomized study of cardiac transplant recipients documented less severe rejection (in particular those requiring antibody therapy) and a lower incidence of infection in CsA-NL-treated patients. Results from the female subgroup analysis suggest that the improved bioavailability of CsA-NL might reduce the frequency of rejection episodes in female patients. The use of CsA-NL was not associated with an increased risk of adverse events.

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