Previous studies dealing with the mechanisms underlying the tissue-specific and regulated expression of the GnRH receptor (GnRH-R) gene led us to define several cis-acting regulatory sequences in the rat GnRH-R gene promoter. These include functional sites for steroidogenic factor 1, activator protein 1, and motifs related to GATA and LIM homeodomain response elements as demonstrated primarily in transient transfection assays in mouse gonadotrope-derived cell lines. To understand these mechanisms in more depth, we generated transgenic mice bearing the 3.3-kb rat GnRH-R promoter linked to the human placental alkaline phosphatase reporter gene. Here we show that the rat GnRH-R promoter drives the expression of the reporter gene in pituitary cells expressing the LHbeta and/or FSHbeta subunit but not in TSHbeta- or GH-positive cells. Furthermore, the spatial and temporal pattern of the transgene expression during the development of the pituitary was compatible with that characterizing the emergence of the gonadotrope lineage. In particular, transgene expression is colocalized with the expression of the glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit at embryonic day 13.5 and with that of steroidogenic factor 1 at later stages of pituitary development. Transgene expression was also found in specific brain areas, such as the lateral septum and the hippocampus. A single promoter is thus capable of directing transcription in highly diverse tissues, raising the question of the different combinations of transcription factors that lead to such a multiple, but nevertheless cell-specific, expressions of the GnRH-R gene.

GnRH regulates the reproductive system by stimulating synthesis and release of gonadotropins. GnRH acts through a receptor coupled to multiple intracellular events including a rapid phosphoinositide turnover. Although the cAMP pathway is essential for gonadotrope function, the ability of GnRH to induce cAMP, as well as the coupling mechanisms involved, remain controversial. In this study, we established that GnRH increases intracellular cAMP levels in a concentration-dependent manner in LbetaT2 gonadotrope cells (maximal increase, 2.5-fold; EC(50), 0.30 nm), and this was further evidenced by GnRH activation of a cAMP-sensitive reporter gene. The GnRH effect was Ca(2+) independent, mimicked by the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, and blocked by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide, indicating that the GnRH effect was mediated by PKC. Pharmacological inhibition of conventional PKC isoforms with Gö6976 did not prevent GnRH-induced cAMP production, whereas down-regulation of novel PKCdelta, -epsilon, and -theta by a long-term treatment with GnRH markedly reduced it. Expression of dominant-negative (DN) mutants of PKCdelta or -epsilon but not PKCtheta impaired GnRH activation of a cAMP-sensitive promoter, demonstrating that PKCdelta and -epsilon are the two endogenous isoforms mediating GnRH activation of the adenylyl cyclase (AC) pathway in LbetaT2 cells. Accordingly, we identified by RT-PCR and immunocytochemical analysis, two PKC-sensitive AC isoforms, i.e. AC5 and AC7 as potential targets for GnRH. Lastly, we showed that only sustained stimulation of GnRH receptor significantly increased cAMP, suggesting that in vivo, the cAMP signaling pathway may be selectively recruited under intense GnRH release such as the preovulatory GnRH surge.

GnRH plays a key role in the vertebrate reproductive system by stimulating biosynthesis and secretion of pituitary gonadotropins. However, the potential involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) on this activation has still to be explored. In this study, we investigated the role of miRNA-132 and miRNA-212, two tandemly expressed miRNAs that target the same transcripts, on GnRH-induced FSH expression. We first showed that the GnRH stimulation of FSH secretion was reduced and Fshb mRNA abolished by blocking miR-132/212 action in rat pituitary cells. In mouse LβT2 gonadotrope cells, the GnRH stimulation of Fshb mRNA was also demonstrated to be dependent on miR-132/212 and reproduced by overexpressing one or both miRNAs. We then showed that the miR-132/212-mediated action of GnRH involved a posttranscriptional decrease of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) deacetylase. The lower level of SIRT1 deacetylase correlated with an increase in the acetylated form of Forkhead Box O1 (FOXO1), a transcriptional repressor of Fshb. Interestingly, we show that the acetylated mimicking mutant of FOXO1 was localized outside the nucleus, thus alleviating its repressive effect on Fshb transcription. Overall, we demonstrate that the GnRH stimulation of Fshb expression is dependent on miR-132/212 and involves a SIRT1-FOXO1 pathway. This is the first demonstration of an obligatory microRNA pathway in the GnRH-regulated expression of a gonadotropin gene.