While there has been a success in 2D human pose estimation with convolutional neural networks (CNNs), 3D human pose estimation has not been thoroughly studied. In this paper, we tackle the 3D human pose estimation task with end-to-end learning using CNNs. Relative 3D positions between one joint and the other joints are learned via CNNs. The proposed method improves the performance of CNN with two novel ideas. First, we added 2D pose information to estimate a 3D pose from an image by concatenating 2D pose estimation result with the features from an image. Second, we have found that more accurate 3D poses are obtained by combining information on relative positions with respect to multiple joints, instead of just one root joint. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves comparable performance to the state-of-the-art methods on Human 3.6m dataset.

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The cysteine‐rich peptide hepcidin is known to be an antimicrobial peptide and iron transport regulator that has been found in both fish and mammals. Recently, we found two different types (designated Hep‐JF1 and Hep‐JF2) of hepcidin cDNA in the Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, by expressed sequence tag analysis. The identity of amino acid sequences between Hep‐JF1 and Hep‐JF2 was 51%. The Hep‐JF1 and Hep‐JF2 genes both consist of three exons and two introns, and both exist as single copies in the genome. The predicted mature regions of Hep‐JF1 and Hep‐JF2 have six and eight Cys residues, respectively. The first Cys residue of Hep‐JF1 was deleted and the second was replaced with Gly. The number and positions of Cys residues in Hep‐JF2 are the same as they are in human Hep. Hep‐JF1 is specifically expressed in liver while the expression of Hep‐JF2 was detected from gill, liver, heart, kidney, peripheral blood leucocytes, spleen and stomach. Gene expression of Hep‐JF1 in liver decreased during experimental iron (iron‐dextran) overload. Expression of Hep‐JF1 in liver was decreased by injecting fish with iron‐dextran and increased by injecting lipopolysaccharide. Iron overload did not significantly affect expression of Hep‐JF2 in liver but it did increase expression of Hep‐JF2 in kidney. Lipopolysaccharide injection increased expression of Hep‐JF2 in both liver and kidney. In liver, some cells expressed both Hep‐JF1 and Hep‐JF2 while some other cells expressed just one of them. Synthesized Hep‐JF2 peptide showed antimicrobial activity, while synthesized Hep‐JF1 peptide did not against several bacteria including fish‐pathogenic bacteria used in this study.

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