countless individuals. Firstly and foremost, I thank my advisor, Art Bettis. Without him taking me on as a student and guiding me through this process I wouldn't be here today. I also thank the members of my committee, Frank Weirich and Adam Ward, who helped me along with both technical support and instruction. The electromagnetic and electrical resistivity portion of this thesis would have been impossible without the technical and interpretive know how offered by the Iowa DNR, Jason Vogelgesang in particular Fellow students at the University of Iowa were also of a great help. I thank Megan Schettler, for helping with GPR studies and dealing with my inane comments in our office, and Phil Kerr and Charles Beebe, for assisting me with particle size analysis and the Camsizer. Dave Campbell was invaluable in helping me process and interpret my GPR data. In addition to these two I thank all my fellow students in seminars and other classes for giving me feedback and support. Lastly I thank my family, Debbie Matzke, Dean