Introduction: Katuk Leaf (Sauropus androgynus L. Merr.) from Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia is a type of plant that contains chalcone which is used as an antioxidant. This study aims to formulate a gel preparation from Katuk Leaf extract using various concentrations of CMC-Na and carbopol 940, to see the stability of the physical properties of the Katuk leaf extract gel Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr. Methods: Katuk Leaf Extract was obtained by percolation method using 70% ethanol as solvent. The gels were made in formulas 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 with a concentration of CMC-Na and carbopol 940 at 0:10; 1:9; 2:8; 9:1; 10:0 ratio. Antioxidant activity was tested with DPPH, observed for its physical stability including organoleptic, homogeneity, viscosity, pH dispersion, adhesion, and gel stability using the process of freeze thaw action. Results: The results showed that the concentration of carbopol 940 increased viscosity and adhesion and decreased dispersion and pH, while CMC-Na increased dispersion and pH and decreased viscosity and adhesion in the physical properties of the Katuk Leaf extract gel. Test results with IC50 extracts of Katuk Leaves at 73.815 ppm, showed that the formula 3 with a concentration of carbopol 940 and CMC-Na at 2: 8 percent by ratio, is a gel with antioxidant activity being most effective with the value of the IC50 100.814. Conclusion:So, it can be concluded that the stability of the physical properties of the gel shows the formula 3 with concentration carbopol 940 and CMC-Na at 2%: 8% gel with the best stability of physical properties.

Indonesia has biodiversity potential to be developed as medicinal plants, such as basil leaves (Ocimum sanctum L.). Basil was reported to have a very high antioxidant activity in vitro. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of basil leaves (Ocimum sanctum L.) infusion to liver based Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST) and Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) value in each dose. 18 rats were divided into 6 groups., control group, negative control group treated with CMC Na 0.5%, positive control group treated with Curcuma 3.6 mg/200gBB, groups of 4-6 consecutive given a 80 mg dose infusion basil/200 gBB, 160 mg/200 gBB, 320 mg/200 gBB for 8 consecutive days, on the day of the 4th and 8th all treatment groups induced by toxic doses of paracetamol (500 mg/200 gBB) except the normal control group 1, The research data in the form of enzyme activity of AST and ALT were analyzed using parametric and nonparametric ANOVA, and Friedman test with the level of trust then followed by SNK test and Bnj test. The statistical test result with a 95% of level of trust that shown basil infuse with a dose of 80mg/200gBB, 160mg/200gBB, 320mg/200gBB have hepatoprotective effects in rats induced by paracetamol 500mg/200gBB. Based on the result of changes in average levels of AST on the fourth day and the eighth day of the three treatment infusion, infusion at a dose of 160 mg/200gBB most effectively reduce average levels of AST and a group that has the average AST closest to the control group is positive, but infusion at a dose of 320mg/200gBB the group that has the closest average ALT positive control group.

Forest cover in hilly regions is essential to maintain ecological balances. North Bengal estimates approximately 3,086 sq km i.e. 26 % of 11,876 sq km of classified forests in West Bengal and nearly 5,000 sq km (~40 %) of tree cover. Rishyap village (26.84o N, 88.60o E) in the Kalimpong District of West Bengal State, India. The study was done in 2019-2020 in Rishyap Forest Village. Primary data and pictorial documentation were gathered through field survey and direct interactions with local people and other authorities. Surveys on demography, agriculture, biodiversity, human-animal conflict were done. Topographic map of the area was prepared from Google map database. The ecological tools like quadrat method , transect line method, pitfall trap, light trap were used to study diversity, density and abundance of trees, birds and arthropods. The different lifestyles of the people in Rishyap were also noted. Further study is needed to collectively analyse the biodiversity.

Unwanted pregnancy in adolescents may have negative impacts on physical, psychological, social and spiritual condition. The physical impact could endanger the teenage mothers and even their infants. Psychological stress could trigger a trial to have an abortion which can lead to death. Other psychological effect, the teenage mothers will try to escape from responsibility or keeping to continue their pregnancies by compulsion. Meanwhile, besides, social judgement and scorn,  as well as banishing made by surrounding community, the community will also reject the children with unclear parents and they are considered illegal children of adulteries (Husaeni, 2009). Based on data from the Directorate of Maternal Health, the biggest cause of teenage maternal death is bleeding as a result of premature pregnancy. The purpose of this study was to determine the socio-cultural, economic of an unwanted pregnancy in single parent of adolescent mothers. This type of research is qualitative with a phenomenological and ethnographic approach. The population and sample are pregnant women and single parent mothers (having toddlers). The sample size is 9 people. Purposive Sampling Data collection by in-depth interviews (In-depth interview) to adolescents. The research was conducted in TTU District, East Nusa Tenggara. Research Results: 100% teenage single parent mothers do not work, age 15-19 years with the average education of junior high school to senior high school. Socio-culturally, teenagers imitate city life, lack of or abandon themselves from spiritual life in the family, and having trend to try new things. Teenage pregnancies are mostly unwanted as they happened accidentally. It was due to unsafe sex which was partly triggered by feeling bored with life in dormitories, adopting city life, lack of control from parents and family when teenagers return home, low or none of sexual education, simply following others, mutual consent, forced by boyfriends, poor knowledge Lack of knowledge on reproductive health and the influence of social media causes teenagers to have sex which causes unwanted pregnancies and poor socio-economic conditions. Suggestions The importance of preventing unwanted pregnancies in adolescents in schools should be started from the elementary schools by introducing health reproduction. Promotional materials related to reproductive health should be adapted to the age and development level of adolescents. In communities, especially those with low economic status, increasing awareness and knowledge about maternal and infant health is carried out through continuous health promotion.

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