Structural heterogeneity is a common feature of all glasses, however, little is known about the underlying contributions of chemical fluctuations and modulations in free volume in concrete glass forming systems. In this investigation, we relate the dynamics of structural relaxation of (100-x)NaPO 3-xAlF 3 glasses to their heterogeneous structure as determined from multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis. For this, we evaluate differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) data using the integral isoconversional method to determine the variation in activation energy, E a , of the glass transition as a function of temperature and conversion progress. Specific heat measurements from DSC allow for the determination of the effective size of the cooperatively rearranging region (CRR). From 31 P, 19 F, and 27 Al NMR, we observe that the introduction of AlF 3 into the NaPO 3 network increases the average connectivity (i.e., the number of heteronuclear Al-O-P bonds), rationalizing the higher E a determined from the DSC measurements. We find highly constrained regions of Al(OP) 4 F 2 with Al-F-Al cross-linking (high E a) and, simultaneously, more flexible regions of phosphate chains containing P-F••(Na +) n bonds (low E a); this results in a topologically and dynamically heterogeneous structure as evidenced by the increased variability in E a with higher AlF 3 content. The decreasing size of the CRR reflects the increased heterogeneity: at low AlF 3 the CRR is large, while at high AlF 3 (high heterogeneity), the CRR is significantly smaller (by a factor of 10 3). Finally, we relate the heterogeneity to other macroscopic properties, such as T g and mechanical properties.
-Diatom samples were collected during July 2010 at 15 localities from different types of substrate (stone surfaces, sand, mud, fi lamentous algae and submerged mosses) from the Dojkinci River. During the research period, 124 taxa were determined within 43 genera. Among numerous common diatoms we recorded three taxa for the fi rst time in Serbia: Brachysira intermedia (Øst.) Lange-Bertalot, Chamaepinnularia mediocris (Krass.) Lange-Bertalot and Navicula tridentula Krass. Also, we observed 21 taxa which are rarely recorded taxa for Serbia. The most interesting was Diatomella balfouriana Grevill. that was previously known only from the River Tisa near Titel. In the studied material, it was identifi ed only in samples collected from the surface of boulders with mosses at the third locality. Their morphology, distribution and ecology are presented in this paper.
M. Winkler, J. Pratschke, U. Schulz, S. Zheng, M. Zhang, W. Li, M. Lu, D. Sgarabotto, G. Sganga, P. Kaskel, S. Chandwani, L. Ma, J. Petrovic, M. Shivaprakash. Caspofungin for post solid organ transplant invasive fungal disease: results of a retrospective observational study. Transpl Infect Dis 2010: 12: 230–237. All rights reservedObjectiveThis study was designed to determine clinical outcomes with caspofungin in patients with proven or probable invasive fungal infection (IFI) after a solid organ transplant (SOT) procedure.MethodsIn this retrospective observational study, data were collected for a single episode of IFI in patients with an SOT between January 2004 and June 2007. Response was determined by the investigator as favorable (complete or partial) or unfavorable (stable disease or failure) at the end of caspofungin therapy (EOCT). The primary effectiveness population was the proportion of patients who received ≥5 doses of caspofungin (modified all-patients-treated population). Safety was assessed for patients who received ≥1 dose of caspofungin.ResultsA total 81 of patients from 13 sites in China, Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom were enrolled, including 49 (60%) liver, 22 (27%) heart, 5 (6%) lung, 2 (2%) kidney, 2 (2%) liver and kidney, and 1 (1%) pancreas and kidney recipients. Candidiasis was diagnosed in 64/81 patients (79%) and aspergillosis in 22/81 patients (27%). Most patients received caspofungin monotherapy (75%). Caspofungin was given as first-line therapy to 59 (73%) patients. The overall favorable response at EOCT was 87% (58/67; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 76%, 94%), with favorable responses in 88% (43/49; 95% CI: 75%, 95%) of patients receiving caspofungin monotherapy and 83% (15/18; 95% CI: 59%, 96%) of patients receiving combination therapy with caspofungin (modified all-patients-treated population). Response by type of SOT was as follows: liver 87% (39/45), heart 93% (14/15), kidney 100% (5/5), and lung 50% (2/4). An overall survival rate (all-patients-treated) of 69% (56/81; 95% CI: 59%, 79%) was observed at 7 days post EOCT. No serious drug-related adverse events were reported.ConclusionIn this study, caspofungin was effective and well tolerated in the treatment of IFIs involving SOT recipients.
1 Dopamine D2-receptors were solubilized from synaptosomal membranes of the bovine caudate nucleus using different detergents.
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