No abstract

The upgrade rate is significantly higher when ADH involves at least three foci. Surgical excision is recommended even when ADH involves fewer than three foci and all mammographic calcifications have been removed, because the upgrade rate is 12%.

The utilization of computed tomography (CT) in the emergency department has grown rapidly in the last decade, driven by strong evidence supporting its effectiveness in the rapid diagnosis of an increasing range of diseases. Concerns have been raised about potential cancer induction caused by the increased use of CT and the high radiation dose associated with some multidetector row CT examinations. Recent research into protocol design and new CT scanner technologies enable high-quality examinations to be performed with a significant reduction in radiation dose. These advances are discussed, with emphasis on their application to emergency radiology.