The protein kinase Mps1 is, among others, essential for the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). We found that Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mps1 interacts physically with the N-terminal domain of Ndc80 (Ndc80 1À257 ), a constituent of the Ndc80 kinetochore complex. Furthermore, Mps1 effectively phosphorylates Ndc801À257 in vitro and facilitates Ndc80 phosphorylation in vivo. Mutating 14 of the phosphorylation sites to alanine results in compromised checkpoint signalling upon nocodazole treatment of mutants. Mutating the identical sites to aspartate (to simulate constitutive phosphorylation) causes a metaphase arrest with wild-type-like bipolar kinetochore-microtubule attachment. This arrest is due to a constitutively active SAC and consequently the inviable aspartate mutant can be rescued by disrupting SAC signalling. Therefore, we conclude that a putative Mps1-dependent phosphorylation of Ndc80 is important for SAC activation at kinetochores.

hRio1 is an atypical protein kinase of the conserved RIO family. Depletion of hRio1 affects the last step of 18S rRNA maturation and causes defects in recycling of trans-acting factors from pre-40S subunits in the cytoplasm. The kinase activity of hRio1 is essential for recycling of the endonuclease hNob1 and its binding partner hDim2 from pre-40S.

Peptide hormones that regulate plant growth and development are derived from larger precursor proteins by proteolytic processing. Our study addressed the role of subtilisin-like proteinases (SBTs) in this process. Using tissue-specific expression of proteinase inhibitors as a tool to overcome functional redundancy, we found that SBT activity was required for the maturation of IDA (INFLORESCENCE DEFICIENT IN ABSCISSION), a peptide signal for the abscission of floral organs in Arabidopsis We identified three SBTs that process the IDA precursor in vitro, and this processing was shown to be required for the formation of mIDA (the mature and bioactive form of IDA) as the endogenous signaling peptide in vivo. Hence, SBTs act as prohormone convertases in plants, and several functionally redundant SBTs contribute to signal biogenesis.

Tandem affinity purification (TAP) is an efficient method for the purification and characterization of large macromolecular complexes. To elucidate the role of specific components of such complexes, it is important to address the question of how loss of a specific factor affects complex composition. Here, we introduce a method that combines TAP of large macromolecular assemblies with inducible shRNA-mediated protein depletion in human somatic cells. As a proof of principle, we have applied this method to the purification of human pre-ribosomal particles. Using inducible expression of ribosome assembly factors as bait proteins, different pre-40S particles could be isolated and characterized, revealing high conservation of the ribosome biogenesis pathway from yeast to human cells. Besides known ribosome maturation factors, C21orf70 was identified as a novel pre-40S component. By combining TAP of pre-40S particles with shRNA-mediated depletion of the pre-40S-associated protein kinase Rio2, we observed that increased levels of the nuclear HEAT-repeat protein Rrp12 are associated with 40S precursors in absence of Rio2. Further analyses revealed that Rrp12 is partially mislocalized to the cytoplasm and trapped on late 40S precursors upon loss of Rio2, and therefore fails to efficiently recycle to the nucleus. Thus, the combination of tandem affinity purification and shRNA induction provided further insights into late cytoplasmic 40S maturation steps, demonstrating the high potential of this method.

No abstract