A novel ratiometric fluorescence assay via enzymatically activatable micellization in aqueous solution was devised for quantitative detection of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity.

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This paper is the research on the Knot theory in Topology. A knot is a simple closed curve in ℝ and its projection onto a plane in ℝ is called a knot projection. As the results of this paper we define a BLL(Bidirectional Linear Link) graph for a knot projection which is a bidirectional linear link representing the relations between arcs of a knot projection and obtain some properties of the BLL graphs. We also define an Eulerian cycle of the BLL graph and an Eulerian cycle of a knot projection. As the main results of this paper, we obtain the equivalent conditions of being an alternation knot projection as follows: (1) an out-degree of every vertex of the corresponding BLL graph is 2; (2) the corresponding BLL graph has an Eulerian cycle; (3) the knot projection has an Eulerian cycle. As the subsequent study, using these results of the BLL graphs, we propose the analysis on the BLL graphs for deformation operation obtaining a new alternating knot projection, decision on the tricolorability of a knot projection, and a polynomial of a knot projection.