Zika virus, chikungunya virus, and dengue virus result in similar clinical presentations, and coinfections may be relatively common. Accurate, multiplex diagnostics are necessary to detect and differentiate these arboviruses for patient care and epidemiologic surveillance.

No abstract

Highlights d SARS-CoV-2-infected RMs mimic signatures of inflammation seen in COVID-19 patients d Baricitinib suppresses production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in lung macrophages d Baricitinib limits recruitment of neutrophils to the lung and NETosis d Baricitinib preserves innate antiviral and SARS-CoV-2specific T cell responses

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in the spike protein is raising concerns about the efficacy of infection-or vaccine-induced antibodies. We compared antibody binding and live virus neutralization of sera from naturally infected and Moderna-vaccinated individuals against two SARS-CoV-2 variants: B.1 containing the spike mutation D614G and the emerging B.1.351 variant containing additional spike mutations and deletions. Sera from acutely infected and convalescent COVID-19 patients exhibited a 3-fold reduction in binding antibody titers to the B.1.351 variant receptor-binding domain of the spike protein and a 3.5-fold reduction in neutralizing antibody titers against SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 variant compared to the B.1 variant. Similar results were seen with sera from Moderna-vaccinated individuals. Despite reduced antibody titers against the B.1.351 variant, sera from infected and vaccinated individuals containing polyclonal antibodies to the spike protein could still neutralize SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351, suggesting that protective humoral immunity may be retained against this variant.

The SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant emerged in November 2021 and consists of several mutations within the spike. We used serum from mRNA vaccinated individuals to measure neutralization activity against omicron in a live-virus assay. Following 2-4 weeks after primary series of vaccinations, we observed a 30-fold reduction in neutralizing activity against Omicron. Six months after the initial two vaccine doses, sera from naïve vaccinated subjects showed no neutralizing activity against omicron. In contrast, COVID-19 recovered individuals six months after receiving the primary series of vaccinations show a 22-fold reduction with majority of the subjects retaining neutralizing antibody responses. In naïve individuals following a booster shot (3rd dose), we observed a 14-fold reduction in neutralizing activity against omicron and over 90% of subjects show neutralizing activity. These findings show that a 3rd dose is required to provide robust neutralizing antibody responses against the omicron variant.