Hydrogel‐based biosensors have drawn considerable attention due to their various advantages over conventional detection systems. Recent studies have shown that hydrogel biosensors can be excellent alternative systems to detect a wide range of biomolecules, including small biochemicals, pathogenic proteins, and disease specific genes. Due to the excellent physical properties of hydrogels such as the high water content and stimuli‐responsive behavior of cross‐linked network structures, this system can offer substantial improvement for the design of novel detection systems for various diagnostic applications. The other main advantage of hydrogels is the role of biomimetic three‐dimensional (3D) matrix immobilizing enzymes and aptamers within the detection systems, which enhances their stability. This provides ideal reaction conditions for enzymes and aptamers to interact with substrates within the aqueous environment of the hydrogel. In this review, we have highlighted various novel detection approaches utilizing the outstanding properties of the hydrogel. This review summarizes the recent progress of hydrogel‐based biosensors and discusses their future perspectives and clinical limitations to overcome.

This study demonstrated that it is possible to directly examine the relationship between professional quality of life level and clinical competence among nurses. Thus, interventions to increase nurses' compassion satisfaction and relieve compassion fatigue are needed, as professional quality of life may affect clinical competence.

Gene expression is closely related to cell survival, cell-to-cell adhesion or cell spreading; therefore, HCCs with high 18F-FDG uptake appear to have more aggressive biological properties than those with low uptake.

Hexokinase type II (HK II) is the key enzyme for maintaining increased glycolysis in cancer cells where it is overexpressed. 3-bromopyruvate (3-BrPA), an inhibitor of HK II, induces cell death in cancer cells. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of 3-BrPA-induced cell death, we used the hepatoma cell lines SNU449 (low expression of HKII) and Hep3B (high expression of HKII). 3-BrPA induced ATP depletion-dependent necrosis and apoptosis in both cell lines. 3-BrPA increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) leading to mitochondrial dysregulation. NAC (N-acetyl-L: -cysteine), an antioxidant, blocked 3-BrPA-induced ROS production, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and cell death. 3-BrPA-mediated oxidative stress not only activated poly-ADP-ribose (PAR) but also translocated AIF from the mitochondria to the nucleus. Taken together, 3-BrPA induced ATP depletion-dependent necrosis and apoptosis and mitochondrial dysregulation due to ROS production are involved in 3-BrPA-induced cell death in hepatoma cells.

To consider potentially new hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic sources, aqueous extracts from four Korean medicinal plants, Chrysanthemum coronarium, Dioscorea batatas, Morus alba, Citrus unshiu, were investigated in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. To induce diabetes, 36 rats were administered alloxan orally (120 mg/kg body weight) for 2 weeks and among those 6 rats were used as a diabetic control. Effect of extracts from four medicinal plants on blood glucose levels of diabetic rats was determined at various time interval for 9 h after oral administration of the first extract at 100 mg dose /kg body weight. In addition, GOT, GPT, LDH, total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) were determined 7 days after daily oral administration of each extract. The glucose levels of diabetic rats treated with C. coronarium and M. alba were significantly decreased, respectively, at 3 h and 5 h after administration (p<0.05). The enzyme activities of GOT, GPT and LDH of diabetic rats were also decreased in diabetic rats treated with four plant extracts respectively. In particular, the administration of extract from M. alba tends to bring the GOT, GPT and LDH values of diabetic rats to near normal. There was no significant difference in TC between diabetic control and diabetic rats treated, respectively, with extracts of C. coronarium, D. batatas and M. alba, except C.unshiu extract showing a significant decrease when compared to the diabetic control. The TC value was brought down by 33.3% fall from the value of diabetic rats, which shows more decrease than that of glibenclamide-treated ones. There was a significant difference in TG between the diabetic control and diabetic rats treated, respectively, with extracts of C. coronarium, D. batatas, M. alba and C.unshiu. The results suggest that the administration of C. coronarium and M. alba have a hypoglycemic effect in diabetic rats and their effect was equivalent to that of glibenclamide. The administration of C.unshiu shows more antihyperlipidemic effect than antidiabetic effect