Advanced fluorescence anti-counterfeiting technology has attracted the attention of researchers and encourages people to develop more materials with more colors and functions. Here, in order to achieve a full-band afterglow in the visible light region, we designed a composite CsPbI3-CsPbBr3/Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,Dy3+@SiO2, which is composed of nanoscale all-inorganic cesium lead perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) and long-afterglow luminescent materials Sr2MgSi2O7:Eu2+,Dy3+ (SMS). SMS is used to store light energy, and PQDs are used to control afterglow emission colors; through their energy transfer, the afterglow colors can be adjusted in the visible region. SiO2 is used as the coating material to improve the temporary stability of the nanocomposite. The composite mixed with oleic acid (OA) can be used as a dye, which exhibits different emitting colors and afterglow colors under different excitation environments. This research provided an idea for using long-afterglow luminescent materials and PQDs in the field of fluorescence anti-counterfeiting by double anti-counterfeiting of fluorescence and afterglow.