In light of their quick development and low risk, mRNA vaccines are gradually replacing traditional vaccines. In order to characterize the patent landscape of mRNA vaccines, this study collated mRNA vaccine–related applications that have been registered since 1962. Accordingly, the 1852 patent families were discussed in relation to their temporal distribution, geographic scope, organizational assignees, and co–patenting activities. mRNA vaccines were shown to demonstrate promise in infectious disease, cancer immunotherapy, and allergic disease, with a focus on lipid nanoparticles. Notably, these vaccines are being developed against a backdrop of fierce industrial competition and intensive collaboration with a rise in applications. The findings of this study highlighted cutting–edge inventions, key players, and collaboration dynamics among institutions. By understanding the landscape of mRNA vaccine patents, researchers and those in industry may better comprehend the latest trends in this area, which may also assist relevant decision–making by academics, government officials, and industrial leaders.