The effect of air pollution on the changing pattern of glomerulopathy has not been studied. We estimated the profile of and temporal change in glomerular diseases in an 11-year renal biopsy series including 71,151 native biopsies at 938 hospitals spanning 282 cities in China from 2004 to 2014, and examined the association of long-term exposure to fine particulate matter of <2.5 μm (PM) with glomerulopathy. After age and region standardization, we identified IgA nephropathy as the leading type of glomerulopathy, with a frequency of 28.1%, followed by membranous nephropathy (MN), with a frequency of 23.4%. Notably, the adjusted odds for MN increased 13% annually over the 11-year study period, whereas the proportions of other major glomerulopathies remained stable. During the study period, 3-year average PM exposure varied among the 282 cities, ranging from 6 to 114 μg/m (mean, 52.6 μg/m). Each 10 μg/m increase in PM concentration associated with 14% higher odds for MN (odds ratio, 1.14; 95% confidence interval, 1.10 to 1.18) in regions with PM concentration >70 μg/m We also found that higher 3-year average air quality index was associated with increased risk of MN. In conclusion, in this large renal biopsy series, the frequency of MN increased over the study period, and long-term exposure to high levels of PM was associated with an increased risk of MN.

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Four of nine tetraalkylammonium-based amino-acid ionic liquids prepared in this work show lower viscosities than all amino acid-based ionic liquids found in the literature and their reversible CO(2) absorption approaches 0.5 mol per mol ionic liquid.